Furman-Judaism-USA-70-80

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a npoSjieiie bjihhhhji na 9Ty aKTHBHoexb nyAaiiCTCKofi pejin-
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CJI0JKHMX 3B0JIJ0HH0HHbIX TiponeCCOB.

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koh h pHaMiKofi), HaKJiaAbiBaiOT OTne^aTOK na nojiHTHne-
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B 70-e — Hanaire 80-x i-oaob nyAaH3M u CIIIA BCTynaeT
b nonocy o^eHb rjiy6oKoro KpH3Hca — ycHJiHBaroxca ha^h-
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467

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c co6oii apxairqecKyio iiyjiaiicTCKyio optoaokchio — hagojio-
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koh, b CIIIA, «BBipBaBinHCB na cBo6oAy», nopBiBaiOT c nyAa-
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h npeACTaBHTejiii mbjikoh (h «Mejn> T iaHiueii») 6yp/Kya3HH.
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h Ha^HHaeTca: «o6paTHBiH» nponecc. IlapaJUiejiBHo H3MeHe-
heh) connajitHoro cocTaBa eBpeficKofi oSihhhbi — yMeHtine-
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npeflCTaBHTejiefi HHTejiflHremrHH h 6ypJKya3MH — nosinpui

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k TOMy, hto OTpHHy^H hx othh h A^AM- IIhk 3Toro npon;ec-
ca npnxoAHTCH Ha 50-e — Ha^ajio 60-x toaob, Kor^a tobopht
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hhh nJnopaJiH3M h peanrHoaHaH TepnuMOCTb Bcerffa coiexa-
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9to o6m,ecxBO oKpyHtaao Bpa>KAe6HocTBio eBpeiicKHx hmmh-
rpaHTOB, nopBaBmHX c peaHrnefi (cnpaBeflJiHBO bhah b hex
HOCHxejieii jieBopaRHKajibHofi onacHOCTii), ho He tojibko hg
npecjieaoBajio KyAansM, ho, iianpoTHB, noompwio HyAaHCT-
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npencTaBHiejiH oahoh hb Tpex «ochobhbix» aMepHKaHCKnx
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ckhmh, a saTen h npaBOCJiaBnHMH cBHH^eHiniKaMH iienpeMen-
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uepeMOHHH niiayrypai^H npeannenTa, Boaee xoro, Hocne
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k eBpenwc - wepTBaM nmiepoBCKoro reiion,HAa, b o<pHH,najib-
H yio pHTOpiIKy BXOAHT TepMHH «nyAeo-xpHCTHaHCKafl hhbh-
jin3auHH». TaKHM oopasoM, HyAansM HaxopT b aMepHKaii-
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b HHTejumreHTCKHe h 6ypJKya3HBie cjioh hotomkh HairaaioT
ySe^AaTBca b tom, hto CHHarora-He tojibko ne npenHT-
CTBHe k aAanxaniiH, ho h b KaKOH-To Mepe ee ycJiOBHe, cno-
co6 BxomAeHHH b aMepHKaHCKoe 6yp>Kya3Hoe o6u;ecTBO.

KpoMe AaBJieHHH aMepmsaHCKoro oSmecxBa, 6suia em,e
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CTpeMHTCH K aAanxanim, ho AaJieKO ne Bee cTpeiMTCH
k accHMHJianHH, yxpaxe cbohx MHmecKHX oco6e H Ho-

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«njiaBHJiBHOM KOTJie». 9to OTHOCHTCH KO BCeM HMMHrpaHT-
CKHM STHHHeCKHM rpyHHaM. Ho K eBpeflM 3X0 OTHOCHTCH OCO-

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caKpaJibHoe SHa^eHHe k P obhbim y 3 aM, npoHcxoJKaeHHH) «ox
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TbicflnejieTHH oh 6hji ochobhoh chjioh, npeAOxpanaiomeH
eBpeeB ot accHMHJiHmm h coxparaiomefi y hhx C03HaHMe
CBoeft o6mHOCTH b ycjioBHflx, b kotopbix ne o6jiana»mHK
T aKOH pejinraeii bthoc HeMHHyeMO pacnajicn 6bi h pacTBO-
Phjich H BHyiuaBiiiHecH m ycxaHOBKH b KaKon-xo Mepe ne-
oexoAHT Ha noJiySeccoaHaxeabHbiH yposeHb h coxpaHHioxcfl
Aame npn yxpaxe Bepbi b oQoCHOBHBaKmEe hx pejiHraoaHbie

169

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eBpeii, ji,a>Ke hbjihioiii;hhc>i ctopohhhkom paBeHCTBa 3-thocob
ii pejinniH, MoiKeT xeM He MeHee CTpeMHTbca, htoSh ero chh
/Kemuicfl o6H3aTejiBHo Ha eBpeHKe, h BOcnpuHHMaTt KaK
jiHiHyio KaTacTpo$y ero nepexoA b xpucraaHCTBO 3 .

Ho nyHan3M He tojibko nopoJKflaeT chjibhbih «HHepn,HOH-
iiBiii» 3THou,eHxpH3M. Oh erne h AaeT npeKpacHyro bo3mo>k-

HOCTb «npHKpBIBaTB Co6oii», «KaMy(pJIHpOBaTB» 3T0T 3TH0-

u,eHTpH3M. Bca^iecKH noompaa ' pejiKrH03H0CTb HMMiirpaii-
tob, aMepHKaHCKoe oGmecTBO, osnaKO, othioab He no6ni,pfleT

IIX CTpeMJieHHH K ^IHCTO STHH^eCKOH o6oCo6jieHHOCTH. OtCK)-

fla — xapaKTepHoe ajih pa3HBix HMMiirpaHTCKHx rpynnBCIIIA

nO^HepKHBaHHe BTHHHeCKHX KOMnOHeHTOB CBOeil peJIHIHM K

ncnojiB30BaHH;e ee ruh coxpaHeHHa cBoefi ciuio^eHHOCTH b
o6oco6jieHHft. H onHTb-xaKix 3Ta oSnjan TeHflenmiH hmmh-
rpaHTOB BtiCTynaeT y eBpees b oco6o chjibhoh (popiwe, h6o
nyflaH3M — pejinnrji 3TiiBraecKajT no CBoeii cyTH, nocryjiiipyio-
maa coxpaHenne STHOca Kan Bwcmee pejiHrno3Hoe Tpe6o-
BaHne. ftjia CBoero HcnojiB30BaHHH b nejuix 3THHHecKoro
o6oco6jieHHa oh hh b Kannx MO#H<pHKanHJix He nyjKflaeTCH.
3TH0n;eHTpH"qecKHe ycTpeujieHHa (npewfle Bcero cTpeMJieHHe
ii36e}KaTB 6paKOB c HeeBpeaMn), 6yRb ohh o6ocHOBaHBi He
peJizrH03Ho, HeMHHyeMO BM3BaJin 6bi MomHyio neraTHBHyio
peaKnHio. Kor^a me oim (popMyjrapyiOTca Kan TpeSoBamne

HyflaH3Ma, TO CIIOKOHHO BOCIipHHHMaiOTCH b CIIIA. Kpoine

toto, b cnenHtpH^iecKoii cy6KyjibType eBpeficKHx HMMiirpaH-
tob peJiHra^E h peJiiirnosHBie TpaflHUHH nrpajin HeH3MepiiM0
SoJinnyio pojtb, neu, CKa>KeM, y neMueB hjih iiojihkob, y ko-
xopbix 6tijia CBOfl CoraTan nauiioiiaJibHO-rocyflapcTBeHHaH
HCTopHH, pa3BHTaa CReTCKaa JiiiTepaTypa h t. n. cDaKTirae-
ckh pejrariui h pejiHnio3Hbie TpaflHUHH — eji,nHCTBeHHaji o6t>-
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roiie, ho cTpeMHinnecji coxpaHMTb cboki 3THHiecKyjo 060-

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hhh noKa3MBaiOT, hto rpoinaAHoe hhcjio eBpeeB b CIIIA BCiy-
naeT b CHHarorn «pa;n;H fleTeH» — hto6m ohh «pocjin KaK
eBpeH», He 3a6biBaJiH, ^10 ohm — eBpen.

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«3aroHHK)T» b CHHarory flBe chjim — flaBJienae aMepHKau-
cKoro oSmecTBa, TpeSyiomerp ot hhx peJiHrH03HOCTH (h ne
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ho Hcnojib3yion],iiH Hyji;aH3M h flaiomHfi eMy KaK 6h «bto-
170

pyio jkh3hi>». Ho cHHarora, b KOTopyK) «B03Bpaui,ajiHCB» ajvie-
pHKancKHe eBpen, 6biJia ynm lie tom, KOTopyio ohh noKHiiyjiii.
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KO OrpaHHHHBaH B03MOJKHOCTH COHZajIbHOH M06HJIBHOCTH.

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eBpen He xotcji Bocco3AaiiHH Ha aMepHKaHCKoii noHBe rexxo,
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pa^bHbix (b peJiHrno3HOM noHHMaHHH 3Toro TepMHHa), iie-
opTOji;oKcajibHbix HanpaBJiemiii nyflaH3Ma, k kotopmm celiac
npHHa^jrejKHT 6ojibHiHHCTBO aMepHKaHCKHx eBpeeB.

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(popMoii. Pe<popMH3M B03iiHKaeT b CIIIA b 30-g rofl&i nponijio-
ro Bena oT^iacTH cnoHTaimo, ornacTH b pesyjibxaxe HMMnrpa-
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(anoxa MeccHH — axo co3AaBaeMoe b pe3yjibTaTe ycHJiHH Bce-
ro HejiOBe^iecTBa cnpaBeAJiHBoe o6mecTBo H T - n -)-

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eBpeHM He tojibko omymenne xoro, ■qxo ohh «ne xy>Ke» o6pa-
30BaHHBix xpncTHan, ho h onpeAeJieHHoe TyBCTBO npeBocxoA-
cxBa — Beflb b pe$opMiicTCKOM uyAan3Me HeT TaKiix AorMa-
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hocxh) KaK HOCHTeAeH BBicniefl pejizrHH (h, cueAOBaTejibHO,

171

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pe$opMH3M Ha^MHaeT ycHJieHHO pacra, h cen^ac b CIIIA

OKOJIO 1 MJIH. TIJieHOB pe<JOpMHCTCKHX «xpaMOB».

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cjihihkom apxanHHOH opTOflOKcneft h cjihihkom «Hi3eBpe&-
ckhm» pe$opMH3MOM. Ecjih nonbiTaibca nepeixaTb, pasyMeeT-
ca, b orpy6jieHHOH h ynpoineHHoii cpopMe ochobhoh npHHHim
KOHcepBaTM3Ma, oh 6y«eT 3BynaTb npn6jiH3HTeJibHO Tan:

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hoh» jkh3hh b CIIIA, h OT6pocnTb Bee, hto MeinaeT. Gefi^ac

B CIIIA OKOJIO 1,5 MJIH. HyHaHCTOB-«KOHCepBaTOpOB» 5 .

B Te^eHHe sjiHTeJibHoro BpeMeHH KoHcepBaTH3M o6pa30-
BWBaji KaK 6bi n;eHTp npHTHJKeHHH HecKOJibKO OTomeffinero ot
jiH6epajiH3Ma npoinjioro Bena (hoa B03AeKCTBHeM 6ojiee Tpa-

AHHHOHaJIHCTCKH HaCTpOeHHblX BOCTOHHOeBpOHeHCKHX HMMH-

rpaHTOB h HaHHOHajiHCTircecKOH peaKHHH, HacTynHBHien
b 30— 40-e roABi) «npaBoro» KpbiJia pe<$>opMH3Ma m «jieBoro»
aMepHKaHH3Hpyioiii;eroca Kpbijia opTOAoKcajibBbix cnnaror
(iiac^HTbiBaioDAHx celiac okojio 0,75 mjih. ^uienoB) .

Pa3Apo6jieHHOCTb nyAaH3Ma b CIIIA CBH3aHa c coHHajiL-
hoh HeoAHopoAHOcTLio eBpencnoro HacejieHHH. Pe$opMHCTbi —
3T0 npeiKfte BCero HHTeJiJiHreHH,HH, opTOAOKCbi — MejiKne 6yp-
}Kya. Ho coieTaHHe Sojikihoh pojin. CHHarorn c npeoSjiaAamieM
HeopxoAOKcajiBHOro. nyAan3Ma-3T0 h pe3yjibTaT B03A'eficT-

BHH CnCHHCpHHeCKH aMepHKaHCKHX yCJIOBHH. HecTKoe,

GecKOMupOMHCCi-ioo oTiiomemie k pejiHiiiH, xapaKTcpnoe «Jifi
eBpeeB Boctomiioh EBpoiibi na-iajia tiamero ueKa (hjjk ap-
xaHHHaa h HeTepnnMaa opTOAOKcua, hjih noJiHbiii paapwB c pe-
jinrneH h npHHarae paAHKajibiibix Hepejniriio3Hbix HAeojio-
mii), CMeHaeTca b CIIIA oTHomeHHeM nnoro posa. TaroTeio-
ihhh'k peJinrH03HOMy jin6epaJiH3My nyAaH3M b CIIIA He Tpe-
6yeT Bepbi b apxannecKHe mh$m h ne HaKJiantiBaeT Maccy o6pe-

MeHHTeJIbHMX Tpe60BaHHH K HOBeAeHHK). 3TO — KOMHpOMHCC

172

iiyflaH3Ma c coBpeMeirabiM cthjicm jkh3hii. Ho 3to eme h
CBoeo5pa3HbiM «3THiraecKHft komiipomhcc», co3AaHHan aMepn-

KaHCKHMK yCJJOBHHMH B03MOKHOCTB H30e>KaTb >KeCTKOH 3H-

neMMBi aTHHHecKoro caMoco3HaHHH (He «hjih aMepuKaHeu;,
iijih eBpefi», a «aMepHKaHen-HyAanCT» h «aMepiiKaBen-
eBpeH», ^ito BocnpHHHMaeTCH .KaK onpeflejieHHH TOKAecTBeH-
HBie). H 3tot KOMnpoMHccHLiii xapaKTep peJiHrH03Horo mh-

pOB033peHHH H Hepa3pbIBHO CBH3aHHOrO C HUM B HyRaH3Me

aTHHnecKoro caMoco3HaHHH HaKJiafltiBaeT oTiie*iaTOK h Ha
Apyrne acneKTbi MnpoB033peHHH aMepiiKancKHrx eBpeeB 6 .

2. Oco6eHHocTH iiy«aH3Ma b CIHA h nojiiiTH»iecKoe
co3HaHne aMepHKaHCKHx espees. KoHen, nporajioro — nava-
jio Haraero BeKa - nepnoA pacn,BeTa pa3JiH^Hbix <popM Jie-
soro panHKajin3Ma cpenn aMepireaHCKHx eBpeeB. CoBep-
inaBniHHCH b Boctoihoh EBpone npoijecc pacna^a HynancT-
ckoh opiojioKCHH h o6pam,eHHH Maccti eBpeeB k paflHKajit-
hbim nejiocTHbiM cBeTCKUM uneoJiorHflM, AaromHM nepcneKTH-
By jinKBH^annn reiTO h yHtriTOJKeHHH scex (popM HauHO-
HaJibHoro v oounaJibHOro yrHeTeHHH h cnoco6HbiM 3anonHHTb ;
o6pa30BaBinnHCH b pe3yjibTaTe pa3pHBa c pejiHrnefi ayxoB-
Hbifi BaKyyM, npoAOJiJKaJicfl nepBoe BpeMH cpeRii HMMnrpaH-
tob b CIIIA. OnHaKO 3ffect 3Ta paAHKajmsa^a He AOCTHraeT
TaKHx MacniTa6oB, KaK b Bocto^hoh EBpone, n nocieneHHO
HaTOHaeT hath na yobiJib, npiraeM ynaAOK jieBoro paflHKa-
jiiisMa cpeAH aMepiiKancKnx espeeB coBepmaeTCH napajuiejib-
ho c pacnpoCTpaneHHeM neopTOAOKcajibHoro nyAan3Ma.

Xoth b cpeAe eBpeeB b CIHA mojkho Hanra Bee ajieMeHTti
cneKTpa rocnoACTByromeH 3Aecb nojiHTHiecKoft iiAeojiorirai,

B TOM HHCJie KpaMHHe CpOpMM nOJIHTOTeCKOrO KOHCepBaTH3Ma,

«cpeAHecTaTncTH^ecKnn» aMepsKaHCKHfi eBpefi h cefi-qac
3aHHMaeT MeHee KOHcepBaTHBHBie n03Hnnn, neM «cpeAHecxa-
THCTH^ecKHH» aMepnKaHen,. EBpeii CKOpee roJiocyroT 3a ne-
MOKpaTOB, ^eM 3a pecny6nnKaHn,eB (6ojibiiihhctbo eBpeeB
rojiocoBa™ npoTHB PeftraHa Ha BBi6opax 1984 r.), h, 3a
apKnM HCKjno^eiraeM oxHomeHHfl 'k H3pan.nbCK0-apa6cK0My
KOH$^HKTy, 3a-qacTyio 3aHi*MaioT 6o:iee JiH6epaJibHyio no3Hn;Hio
b ctpepe BHeinnef iiojththkh (npHMep - onnosHUHH eBpeeB
nojiHTHKe Pefirana b HeHTpajibHot AMepuKe). ITpH stom
«jra6epajibiibi'ii cabhi* cbhssh He tojiuko c oco6eHHOCT»MH
com^ajibHoro cocTaBa eBpeiicKoii o6ihhhh CUT A (npeoOJiana-
HHeM. HHTeJuinreH^H) - espeH b CIHA nn6epa^bHce neesB-
peeB h B paMKax oahhx h Tex me conHajibHbix KaTeropHH .
OAfiaKO oTTiocnxejibHaH «JieBH3na» comiaJibno-nojiHTH^e-
ckhx nosHUnif coBpeMeniibix aMepHKancKHx espeeB - 3to ywe
lie JieBbifi pawKKamiaM, a aobojibho aMop$Hbifi, BnoJine bhu-

173

cbiBaioii];HHCK b aMepHKaHCKyio CHCTeny 6ypjKya3Hbra jra6e-

paJIH3M.

PacnpocTpaHeHEe KOMnpoMHCCHoro pejrarH03Horq jm6e-
pa^H3Ma cnoco6cTBOBajio pacnpocTpaHeHHio h KOMnpoMHC-
CHoro nojinra^ecKoro jra6epajnr3Ma.

IlapajiJie^BHo H3MeHeinno connajiBHoro cocTaBa eBpeficKoii
oSniHHM h ynaAKy jieBbrx, HHTepHan.HOHajiHcniHecKnx Tene-
hhh b cpe#e aMepHKaHCKHx espeeB Bee SoJiee pacnpocTpaHH-
eicfl CHOHH3M. BHa^rajie oh Bcxpeiaji 3HaHHTejitnoe conpo-
THBJieHHe co ctopohli peipopMHCTCKoro nyp;aH3Ma, cTpea«ime-
tock k aAaniai^Hir, a He k caMOH30JiHH,HH (Kan h co ctopohbi

HaCTH OpTOflOKCOB, MeHTaBIHHX He C03flaHHH «eBpeficKoro

rocyAapcTBa», a o npuxo^e Meccnn), ho nocjie Biopon mh-
Poboh bohhw h ocoSenHO nocjie o6pa30BaHHK H3pamiH conpo-
THBJieHHe 3to npe#ejiBHo ocjia6jio 9 . Pejrarao3HaH Bepxynina
«nepenjiejiact» c BepxyniKofi chohhctckhx opraHH3aHHH, no-

CTaBJIHH KaApBI CHOHHCTCKHX JIHflepOB H aKTHBHO yiEbCTByH
B fleHTeJIBHOCTH CHOHHCTCKOrO JI066n.

HO XOTH aMepHKaHCKHH HyA3H3M BO MHOrOM «nOA1HHHJI-
CR» CH0HH3My, OH OflHOBpeMe.HHO CnOCoScTBOBajI CTaHOBJieHHK)

ero cneuH^HqecKH aMepHKancKoft (popMBi. IIpejKne Bcero,
HeCMOTpa Ha ninpo^aHHiyio (pHHaHCOByio 11 Jio66ncTCKyio
nonaepJKKy aMepnKaHCKHMH espeHMH eBpeScKHx kojiohhctob,
a 3aTeM IfopaHJiH, caMH ohh b noflaBJifliomeM GojiBninncTBe
HHKorjia He BocnpHHHMajra chohh3m Kan: Tpe6oBanze nepee3-
3;a b IlajiecTHHy. CoBpeMeHHbin'aMepHKaHCKHH chohh3m, oKa-
3MBaH)irtHH BcecTopoHHioro nojwepjKKy rocy^apcTBy, hbjihio-
meMycu «CTpaTeriraecKHM cok>3hiikom» CIIIA h H3o6pajKaio-
meMyca KaK «6acTH0H fleMOKparan* Ha EjiiiJKHeM BocTOKe
h nepnoAHHecKH opraHH3yio)HHH niyMHbie aHTHcoBeTCKne
KaMnaHHH — 3to HHeojiorHH, opHeHTHposaHHasi He . na paji;n-
KajibHBie nepeineHi.r, a Ha coxpaHeHne 6yp?Kya3Horo CTaTyc

KBO^B OCHOBHOM flOBOJIBHOH CBOHM nOJIOJKeHHeM aMepHKaH-

ckoh eBpeficKOH o6ih.hhbi. XapaKTepno TaKJKe, -qTo h3 Bcex

MHOrOiIHCJreHHBIX CHOHHCTCKHX TeHeHHH, CBH3aHHBIX C pa3-
JIHTHBIMH nOJIHTH^ieCKHMH HapTHHMBC' H3paH^H, HaHSojIBIHHM

BjiHHHneM b CIIIA nojib3yioTCH He «con.HajiHCTBreecKHe» h
ne Kpaftue npaBBie Te^reHHH, a Tart Ha3MBaeMBift «o6m,HH
chohh3m», opneHTHpyioH^HHCfi Ha 6ypjKya3iio-jni6epajiLHyio
Mo^ejiB oo'in.ecTBa.

Tanas cpopMa CHoiiH3Ma mojkbt co<ieTaTi,cH c 6yp)Kya3Hi>iM

MH6epajIH3MOM, C xapaKTepHLIM flJIH 60JILIHHHCTBa aMepHKaH-

ckhx eBpeeB komtipomhcciimm OTHonienHeM k pejinrnji (h npe-
o6jiaj3;aHHeM HeopTo^OKcaJiBHtix <f>opM nyji;aH3Ma) , h co CTpeM-
JieHHeM coHeTaiB STHHiecKyio oSoco^JieHHocTi. h crwioHeH-

174

koctb c mht erpaiuieii b aMepjiKariCKOe 6ypjKya3iioe oGmecTBo
h R&me «aMepHKaHCKHM naxpH0TH3M0M». Bee 8th oiAeJiBHtie
acneKTM MHpoB033pei-iHH aMepHKanciuix eBpeiicKHx 6yp?Kya
h HHTejurareHTOB o6pa3yiOT BMecTe efliiiibiH, othochtcjibho

yCTOH^HBBIH MHpOB033peHHeGKHH KOMnJieKC.

OAHaKO b Haine BpeMa noHBJiaioTca npH3HaKH Toro, hto
KOMnJieKC 3tot na^HHaeT pacna^aTBCH, *ito OTflejiBHtie ero
aneMeHTBi, paHee He omymaBmiiecH Kan npOTHBopenamiie
Apyr flpyry, HaiHuaioT BciynaTb b koh<£jiiakt.

3. Ilpoijece acciiMK jijhjhii — hctoihhk BHyTpenHero Kpii-
3Hca coBpemeHHoro aMepiiKaHCKoro nyAaii3Ma. B 70-e ro^ti
3aBepniHjicfl hjih, bo bchkom cjiynae, 6jih3htch k 3aBepnceHHio
npon,ecc «coi];HajiBHoro BOCxoJKAeHna* aMepHKaHCKnx eBpeeB.
Pha ocoSeHHocTeH ncnxoJiornH h Kyjibxypii eBpeeB (MeJiKO-
6ypHtya3HBiii xapaimp 3aHJTTHH HMMnxpaHTOB, xapaKTepnoe
AJifl Hyflan3Ma KonoccaJibHoe no^TeHHe k yhghocth, nepexo-
jxnm,ee b npou;ecce ceKyjiHpji3aii;iiH H3 6jiaroroBeHHa nepeA Taji-
MyAHHecKOH yieHOCTBio b cTpeMJieHiie k o6jiaAaHHK> CBeTCKH-

MH 3HaHHHMH H flp.) CIIOCo6CTBOBajra HX BBICOI^OH COIJIiaJIBHOii
MOStfJIBHOCTH B CIHA. 9kOHOMH BO BCeM, H3 nocjieAHHx CHJI
HHmHe HMMHrpaHTM H3 x iepTBI OCeAJIOCTH OTnpaBJIHIOT A^Tefi

b KOJiJieAJKH, e yffie b 40-e toabi espen CTaHOBHTCH caMofi
o6pa30BaHHOH h oSecneneHHOH H3 aTHnnecKHX rpynn b CIIIA
(HenocpeACTseHHO 3a hjimh ceifaac HAyT anoHijBi, npnieM
jmoHO-aMepHKaiinBi TpeTBero noKOJieHHH Rame o6rOHHioT eB-
peeB). B 1979 r. 56% aMepHKaHCKiix espeeB — jiima, okoh-
iiiBiuHe KOJWieAJKH (b HacenenHH b i^eJioM TaKnx jihii, —
30%) H JIHHIB 9% HMeiOT tojibko HanaJiBHoe o6pa30BaHHe
(b HacejieHHH b ijeJioM — 15%), 49% eBpeeB HMeiOT aoxoa
6ojiee 20 tbic. aojm. (b HaceJieHHH — 32%) 10 .

9THiraecKaH rpynna, HSHa^ajiBHO cocTOHmaa npeatAe Bce-
ro H3 <(MejiBHaHinHX» 6ypiKya n pa6.o*rax, coBepniHJia «pbibok

BBepX», IipeBpaTHBIIIHCB BO BTOpOM M TpBTBeM HOKOJieHMflX

b rpynny no npenMymecTBy HHTejijiHreHTCKyio c HncneHHO
HeCojiBinofi, ho BJiHHTejiBHofi npocjiofiKOH npeACTaBHTejieH
(pHHancoBoro KannTajia h ynpaBJieBreecKOH BepxymKn KOp-
nopai^nn ".

EcTecTBeHHo, hto peajitHoe coAepJKaErae KyjiLTypBi okoh-
ihbhihx oahh h Te m.e KOJiJieA>KH, BMecTe paSoTaionptx h Bpa-
maroinHxcfl b oahhx h Tex JKe cou;H:ax[BHBix n npo<|ieccHOHaJiB-
hmx ppyrax aMepHKancKHx nHTejuinreHTOB eBpees h HeeBpeeB
CTaKOBZTca npaKTH^ecKH TOJKAecTBenHBiM, a ncnxojiorHHe-
CKne pasJiHgnfl Me^Ay hhmh nocTeneHEO cboaatch k Hyjiio 12 .

OAHOBpeMeHHo nocTeneHHO oxctynaeT h aHTHceME[TH3M,

OCoSeHHO CHJIBHBIH B CIIIA B nepHOA MeJKAy AByMS MHpOBBIMH
BOHHaMH.

i75

Tan, ccjih b 1937 r. 46% aMepHKaHueB 3aaBHjiH, hto iior-
jie 6m rojiocoBaTb sa KaHAHflaTa b npe3HAeHTLi eBpeH, tq b
1982 r.— 82%, yAejibHbin Bee Qfto6pjnoin.Hx 6pann c eBpe v HMH
Bbipoc c 1968 no 1978 r. c 59 «o 69% (npn. on,eHKe amx
nH<pp Ha^o HMeTt b BH#y, *ito caMH eBpeH oTHioffb He ctoht
3a CMeniaHHBie 6paKH), «HenpHHTHBie CTOJiKiioBeHHH c eBpe-
hmii» HMejM b 1958 r. 8%, b 1965 iv- 5% i b 1979 r.- 2% ".
B 1952 r. 35% aMepHKaHueB-npoTecTaHTos craTajra, hto y
eBpeeB b CIIIA cjihihkom Sojibman BJiacTb, b 1965 r.— 14% ,
b 1979 r- 12% 14 .

B 9toh cnTyanHH, HecMOTpH iia npaKTHnecKH Bceo6in.ee
CTpeMJieHae aMepnKancKHx eBpeeB coxpaiiHTboa: KaK aran^e-
cKaa o6iHHOCTb, HecMOTpa na Bee Mepw no noAAepntaHHto

3THHHeCKOTO CaMOC03HaiI3HJI H OrpaHH^eHHIO KOHTaKTOB MOJIO-

flbix eBpeeB h neeBpeeB (eBpeacKHe MOJioA«KHHe KJiy6bi, Jiex-
line Jiarepa h t. a-), HecMOTpa na Bee npH3biBbi paBBHHOB
h KpnKH eBpencKOH ne^iaTM, ^ihcjio cMemaimbix 6paKOB na*iH-
naeT pacTH «KaTacTpo<pHHecKH». ,11,0 1960 r. so 13% scex
6paKOB eBpeeB samno^ajiocb c HeeBpeaMH, c 1961 no 1965 r.—
29%, c 1966 no 1972 r.-48% 1S . CosAannaH Ha ny™ accHMH-

' JIHHHH njIOTHHa HpOpblBaeTCH, H aAanTaHHH 663 aCCHMHJIHHHH

Ha^EHaeT nepexoAHTb npocTO b accHMHJiHHEio.

EtpOneCC 3TOT — eCTeCTBeHHHfi H HeoSpaTHMblH. Ho 3T0T

eciecTBeHHbiH npouecc flBJiaeTCJi rjiySo^aHinHM hctohhhkom
coBpeMeHHOro Kpn3Hca aMepHKaHCKoro HyAaH3Ma, h6o aAan-
Tanna 6e3 accHMHJiHHHH — He npodo cpaKT, a npHHHHn, Jie-
JKamnfi b ocHOBe peJiHrH03Horo, aTHEraecKoro h noJiHTHiecKoro

MEpOB033peHHH aMepHKaHCKHX 6yp?Kya H HHTeJIJIHreHTOB-

eBpees.

4. ycHtferoie BHyTpeHHHX npoTHBopenHii b HeopTOffOKcaai.-
hom nyffdH3Me. IlaAeHHe KyjibTypHbix h ncnxojiorH^ecKHx
6apbepoB Men?Ay eBpenMK h HeespeflMH h poct cMemaHHBix
6paKOB co3AaioT Han^oJiee ocTpbie npo6iteMbi b pecpopMH3Me —
caMOM «HHTeji^HreHtHOM» HyAancTHTiecKOM TeneHHH, cpeAH
npHBep«KeHH,eB Koioporo cMeuianHbix SpaKos ocoSeHHo MHoro.

Pe<popMHCTCKHH paBBHiiaT oKa3biBaeTCH nepeA AH^eM-

MOH — HJIH HATH 3a peaJIBHblMH H3MeHeHHHMH B C03HaHHH

CBoeft nacTBbi snJiOTb ao noJiHOH JieranH3anHH CMeinaHHbix
6paKOB (b tom -qncjie n tie conpoBOJKAaiomHxca oSpameHneM
HeeBpeficKoro napTiiepa b pe<popMHCTCKHii nysaHSM)., ^ito 03-
HanaeT corJiacHTbca c nepcneKTHBon nocTeneHHOH yTpaTH
pe(popMH3MOM aTHHiecKoro xapaKTepa, hjih, nanpoTHB, hh Ha
Karaie ycxynKH He hath, *ito osHa^aeT coraaGHTtca c nep-
cneKTHBOH nocTeneHHOH yTpaTH nacTBH. EcTecTBeHHO, hh
Ta, hh Apyraa nepcneKTHBLi pecpopMncrcKHx JiHAepoB ne

176

ycTpaireaiOT. IToaTOMy HaraHaeTCH ycmieHHaH BHyTpeHHH
SoptSa, pasGpofl 11 coBeprueHHe niaroB oflHOBpeMeHHO b npo-

THBOHOJIOJKHBIX HanpaBJieHHHX.

C oflHOBt ctopohh, pe$opMH3M EfleT Ha pflfl niaroB, cSjih-
>KaiomHx co#ep?KaHiie CBoero yHennH c ycTaHOBKasra h neH-
iiocthmh: aMepHKancKofi espeHCKOH HHTeji.iLHreHH.HH. C 1973 r.

pe^OpMHCTM H peKOHCTpyKUIHOHHCTH (a 3aTeM, b 1980 r.,

irocjie 3HaHHTejiBHofi BHyTpeHHeH 6opB6&i h «KOHcepBaTO-
pti» 16 ) HaHHHaioT AonycKaTB jkchihhh b paBBKHaT. Cefi^ac
b CIIIA (pyHKi^HOHflpyei ynte 35 «paBBHHOK» 17 . KyjiBT ocbo-
fiojKflaexcfl or «c6kchctckhx» BjieMeHTOB (Bor TenepB — He
Bor ABpaaMa, HcaaKa h HaKOBa, ho ABpaaina, Hcaana, HaKo-
Ba, Gappbi, PeSeKKH, PaxHjra) 1S . ycnjiHBaioTCH aKyMeHHne-

CKHe CBH3H C npOTeCTaHTCKHMH UepKBaMH. Ha HpOTHJKeHHH

60— 70-x to^ob HeyKjioHno pacreT hhcjio paBBHHOB, totobbix
y^acTBOBaTB c xpHCTHancKiiM CBameHHHKOM b 6paHHoii nepe-
mohhh npn 3aKjiio i ieHHH «CMeiaaHiioro» 6paKa, h xoth b

1973 r. BepXOBHBIH Oprail paBBHHOB-pe<pOpMHCTOB npHHHMaeT

pe30JiK)B;Hio, ocyjK,n;aiomyK> ynacTne paBBHHOB b TaKHx 6pa-
KoconeTaHHHX, HenoA^HHHioHiiHecfl en He OTJiynaioTCH, a co3-
Aarox 6ypHo pacTymyio (ppaKHHOHHyio opraHH3an,Hio «Acco-
D,Han;HH nporpeccaBHoro ayflaH3Ma Pe<popMBi». B 1978 r. rjia-
Ba pe(popMHCTCKoro oS^esHHeHHa A. IHHHAJiep, noATBepAHB
ocyjKASHHe yiacTHH paBBHHOB b ocBHHieHHH CMemaHHBix 6pa-
kob, He conpoBOJK^aiomHxcfl oSpameHHeM, OAHOBpeMeHHO
npH3Baji k ysejiHieHiiio ycHJiHH no oSpameHHio b pe(popMH3M
HeeBpeficKHx napTHepoB b bthx 6paKax. «HyAan3M, — cKa3a;i
oh,— 3to HcnojiHeHHan jik>6bh h sHa^eHHH AyxosHaH pejiniHH,
KOTopaa c pagocTBio npHBeTCTByeT Bcex, kto xoneT npHHHTB
ee» i9 . H HaKOHen, b 1983 r. pe$opMH3M coBepniaex mar, Hpe-
BaTBifi, KaK mbi ysHflEM, HanSojiee cepBe3HBiMH nocjieflCTBHH-
mh. IIo npeAJioJKeHHio Toro me IIInHflJiepa cBe3A pe<popMHCTos
nocTaHOBHji c^HTaTB eBpeaMH He tojibko pojkaghhbix ot Hees-
peScKoro (h He oSparneHHoro b nyAaH3M) crna h eBpefiKH,
KaK 3to cooTBeTCTByeT nyflancTCKOMy 3aK0Hy, ho h seTen eB-
pea h HeeBpenKH, «cjih tojibko ohh BocnHTaHBi b «eBpencKOM
flyxe» 20 .

BcTynaH Ha nyTB npo3ejiHTH3Ma, pe<popMH3M aoShjich
onpeAeJieHHBix ycnexoB. IIo HeKOToptiM AaHHBiM, ceftnac ot
7 flo 22% ^iJieHOB pe$opMHCTCKHx cHHaror — HeeBpen 21 .
Ho hcho, hto TaKofi pocT 03iia*iaeT see GojiBinee «pa3MtiBa-
HHe» 3THH i ieGKoro xapaKTepa pe<popMHCTCKnx CHHaror.

H HMeHHo b ciuiy 3Toro pe$opMH3My (h.b MeHBmefi Me-

pe — KOHCepBaTH3My) CTaHOBHTCH HeoSxOAHMBIM «KOMneHCH-

poBaTt» 3iy TeHfleHH,HK>, KaK-TO oco6o rpoMKO npoB03rjiacHB

177

h yTBepAHB cboh BTHHHecKHH xapaKTep. Oicioaa — 6epHH Aen-
ctbhh, HMeioiimx npHMo npoTHBonojioiKHyio HanpaBJieHiiocTb.

Pe^opMHCTCKOe H KOHCepBaTHBHOe 06-BeffiHHeHHH CTaHOBHTCS

HjieHaMH BceMHpHofi chohhctckoh opraHH3ai];HH (BGO).
D,eHTp pecpopMHCTCKoro BceMnpHoro coH)3a nporpeecHBHoro
ny-AaH3Ma nepeMeinaeTca b HepycajiiiM. PecpopMHCTbi o^hi^h-
ajibHO npH3HaioT ijeHHOCTb nepee3Aa b H3paiuii> (hto eine He-
AaBHO 6mjio HeMBicjiHMo) , h rpyniibi pe<J>opMncroB h KOHcep-
BaTopos cneu,HaJibno nna yKpeTuieima 3thx <J?opM nyp;aH3Ma
na H3paHJitcKoi no i iBe co3ftaioT b H3paHJie necKOJibKo Kn66y-
ueB. G 1971 r. Bee yiam;Heca petpopMHCTCKnx ceMHHapuft,
oyAymne paBBHH&i, aojijkhh nepBBin rofl o6y^enHH npoBOAHTb
b H3paHJie.

TaKHM o6pa30M, ^eM cmibHee b jraSepajitHOM aMepnKaH-
ckom HyflaH3Me npoHBJiaeTca TenpfiHBpn k aMepuKaHiiaaHHH,
TeM cHJibHee KaK peaKHaa na nee h ee «KOMneHcanHH» npo-
flBJiaeTca h npoTHBoncuiojKHafl, 3THOH,eHTpEraecKas h chohhct-
cKaa TeHAeHmxa. IIpineM: HMemio noToiiy, mto aMepHKaira3a-
n,Hfl flocTBtraeT KpHTnaecKof cTa^HH, CTpeMJieirae yTBepABTb
eBpeficKyio o6oco6jieHHOCTb h yTBepAHTb cbk3h c EtepaHJieM
npHoSpexaeT oco6yio, name 6oJie3HeHHyio ocTpOTy.

5. Poct npoTHBope^HH Meacfly JiHSepajibHHM nyAan3M0M

h opTo^OKCHefi. HenocpeACTBeHHbiM cjieACTBHeM stiix hobmx

nponeccoB b aiiepHKaHCKOM HeopTOAOKcajibHOM zyAaH3Me

(h npeatfle Bcero pe<popMH3Me) HBJiaeTCH pe3Koe o6ocTpeHne

OTHOmeHHH MeJKfty HHM H espeHCKOfi OpTOAOKCHefi. fljia opTO-

AOKCOB npoueccw, coBepinaiomneca b pe(popMH3Me,— He npo-
cto A^Jia APyroro BepoHcnoBeAaHHa, iix HercocpeACTBeHHO He
KacaKtmnecfl. flo nocjieAHero BpeMeHH pe$opMHCTbi rjih. op-
toaokcob 6bijih «epeTHKaMH», ho Bee H?e espeaMH, HJieHaMH
«H36paHHoro HapoAa», c kotophmh npaBOBepHbiM mojkho 3a-
KJiiOHaTb 6paKH. Cennac ?Ke ohh nocTeneHHo npeBpamaiOTCH
Ajih hex H3 eBpeeB-epeTHKOB npocio b neeBpeeB. Bo3HHKaeT
3HaHa:TejibHbifi cjiofi jihh;, kotopbih, c^HTaacb eBpeaMn b pe-
$opMH3Me, He MoryT craTaTbca TaKOBHMH no 3aKOHy opTO-

• AOKCHH. 9TO — 06pameHHbie B pe<pOpMH3M H HX nOTOMKH,

h A0TH eBpea h HeeBpeiiKH. KpoMe Toro, optoaokchh He npn-
3HaeT o^eHb oSjier^enHoro b pe$opMH3Me pejiHrno3Horo pa3-
BOAa h, ciceAOBaTeJiLHO, paccMaxpHBaeT Bcex noTOMKOB BTOpwx

SpaKOB pa3BeAeHHBIX pe|)OpMHCTOB KaK He3aKOHHOpO?KAeHHbIX.

B CBH3H c 3thm eine b 1969 r. paBBHH-opTOAOKC H. TpHH6epr
niicaji, hto «B03HHKaeT peajiBHaa b03mo5khoctb, tito BepHtie
rajiaxe (pejinrH03HOMy 3aKOHy) eBpen 6yAyT JiHineHbi bos-
mokhocth 3aKJiH)HaTb 6paKH c 3THM cerMGHTOM eBpefickofo
HapoAa» 22 . riosroMy Bee mars pe$opMHCTOB, HanpaBJiennbie

178

k JierajiH3an;HH CMemaHHbix 6paK0B, h Bee ex Mepbi no o6jier-
i ieHHio BxoJKAeHHH b pe$opME3M: HeeBpeeB BH3MBaiOT y op-

TOflOKCOB HpOCTB.

«Ka?KAbiE CMeinaHHWH Span,— KaK o<f)iiu;najiBHo b 1979 r.

3aHBHJIO OCHOBHOe oS-beflHUeilHe opTOAOKCaJIbHblX paBBHHOB

CIIIA,— 3to hojk b cepflue HyAaE3Ma» 2S . OpraHE3aiiEE opxo-
30kcob npHHHMaiOT o^Hy 3a apyroH Bee 6ojiee JKecriuie pe3o-
jnonim no noBOAy hobbix inaros pecpopMii3Ma 2 \ a HeflaBHee
pemeHHe peipopMHCTOB CHHraTB eBpeKME Bcex fleTea: ot cmo-
niaHHbix 6paKOB Bbi3Bajio b Jiarepe optoaokcob peaiajHio, ko-
Topyio fie3 npeyBejiHHeHHH mojkho Ha3BaTb HCTepEiecKoii.
IIpe3HjieHT opTOAOKcajibuoro CoBexa paBBHHOB AMepHKH 3an-
bhji: «3to — TpareflHH. 9to nqjuipii3yex eBpeficKyio o6m;Hny
Ao TaKHX npe^ejioB, *ito opxoaokcij 6yAyx BbmyjKseHBi npe-
KpaTHTb jiio6Bie KOHTaKTBi c Pe<popMoib> 25 , a optoaokc — npe-
3HAeHT CHHaroraiibHoro coBeTa CIIIA — «30hthhhoh» opranir-
3annH, oS'beAHHHiomefi Bee ocHOBHbie HanpaBJieHHH iiyAansMa,
KOTopaa, otcbhaho, cKopo npeKpaxHT CBoe cyiu,ecxBOBaHne,™
cKa3aji: «Ectb o^eHb HexKaa bo3mojkhocxb, ^ito 9to pemeHne
Bbi30Bex nocTOHHHbiS pacKOji b eBpencKon oSiiprHe. 9to —

OTeHB OnaCHHH MOMeHT» 2B . .

Ha nepBbiH B3rjiaA koh^jihkt HyflancTOB-pe$opMHCTOB e
nyAaECTOB-opTOSOKCoB — koh<J»jihkt cyrySo pejrarH03HBm h no
BonpocaM ■qnCTO «330TepEHecKHM». Ho c hem HenocpeACTBeu-
ho CBH3aH ApyroH koh(pjihkt, flBjiHiomnHca eme oahhm acneK-
tom coBpeMeHHoro KpE3Bcca aMepsKaHCKoro EyAaH3Ma h HMe-
kheee yHte camoe npHMoe nojiETH^ecKoe SHa-gemae, — koh(|>-
jihkt aMepnKaHCKoro EteopxoAOKcajiBHoro HynaE3Ma c srapa-

fftfbCKHM HyAaH3M0M.

6. Poct npoTHBope^HH aMepnKaHCKoro anoepajibHoro
HyaaH3Ma h uspaiiJibCKoro HyaaH3Ma. Optoaokchh, caMoe iaa-
xto'iHCJieHHoe E3 Tpex ocuoBHbix Te^eHHE aMepHKaHCKoro ny-
AaE3Ma,— osHOBpeMenHO ocHOBHoe TeneHHe mpanjiBCKoro Ey-
AaE3Ma. HeopTOAOKcajiBHBia, JinSepaABHtifi EyAaH3M — B#eo-
jiorEa, HanejiemiaH na BxoffiAeirae eBpeeB b 6ypjKya3HBie
o6in;ecTBa (npz coxpaHeHHii jihiub neKoero MHHHMyMa
o6oco6jieHHocTn) ,— ne co3AaBaji AOCTaxo^iiMx HAefiHBix h
ncHxojiorH^recnnx cxHMyjiOB j\nn nepee3Aa b najiecTiniy.

PeipopMHCTou h KoricepBaTopoB b KfepaHJie — jihuib ne-
6ojibiuaa rpynna, npHHeia nepBaa petpopMnctcKan cmiarora

B03HHKJia HEHIb b 1957 r.

Ho opTOAOKCHH — He TOJibKo HanpaBJienne HyAan3Ma,
k KOTopoMy npEHaAJie>KHT no^aBJiaiomee Soabiebchctbo H3-
panjiLCKHX Bepyioni,Hx. 3to em;e h o<pHu;HajibiiaK H3paajib-
CKaa <(i^epKOBb», Ha npoTameHHiE BceH ECTopHH H3paHJia

179

B npaBHTeJIBCTBO BXOAHJIH KJiepEKaJIBHBie napTHH, HaBH3H-

BaiomHe HyjKHoe opTOAoKcaM 3aK0H0AaTe.!ibCTB0. B pe3yJiB-
Taie b H3paHJie ofpHEHajibHO 3anpemeHO MHorbe, 3anpemeH-
Hoe b peJiHrK03H0M 3aKOHe, KoxopBiii, iaiaiM o6pa30M, pac-
npocTpaHeH b 3HaHHTejibHOH Mepe e i-ia HeBepyiomEx
HspaaJiBTHH. H caMoe BaiKHoe - Bee sonpocBi rpaawancKoro
CTaTyca KaK BepyronjEX, tbk h HesepyroiUHx (6paKH, pa3BOAH,
h t. a-) noJiHocTwo nepenaHH b pyKH opTOAOKcajiBHOro paB-

BHHaTa. PaBBHHBI Hte HeOpTOffOKCBI He HOJIB3yiOTC5I HHKaKIIM

otpHnnajiBHbiM CTaxycoM. Hx npaBa — Mentnie, tom npaBa

MyCyjIBMaHCKHX MyjIJI EJIH XpHCTHaHOKEX CBflmeHHHKOB.
«H3paHJIb,- KaK TOBOpHT OAHH H3 peipOpMHCTCKHX JIIIftepOB,-

eAHHCTBeHHaa Hain*fl, b KOTopoii eBpeHM He asiot 3aKAiOHaTb
. 6paKH npn noMoma Tex paBBHHOB, kotopbix ohh caMii bh6h-
paK)T» 27 . Bojiee Toro, HeHaBEAHmiie «epeTHKOB» optoaokcbi
nonB3yiOTCfl; jiioSoh bo3mo>khoctbio, *iTo6bi noABeprayTt hx
KaKEM-Jin6o yHiiJKemiflM. Hx ^yB.CTBa HpKo HJiJMOcrpHpyeT
oahh (paKT. B 1970 r. bo BpeMH o6cy}KAeHHH b KHeccexe boii-
poca, CBH3anHoro c npaBaiin. neopTOAOKCOB, oa^h Aenyxai-

paBBHH BHliyJI MOJIHTBeHHEK peKOHCTpyKUEOHHCTOB, pa30pBajI

ero, 6pocHJi Ha hoji h pacTOircaji HoraMH.

flHCKpHMHHaUHflt B EtepaHJie HeOpTOAOKCOB, ecxecTBeHHo,

BcerAa Bbi3BiBajia HeAOBOJitcTBO aMepEKaHCKHx EeopTOAOK-
cajibHbix nyAancTOB. ftojiroe ppeMH, oAHaKO, 9to hgaobojib-

CTBO HE K KaKHM KOHKpeTHBIM AeHCTBHHM MJTE flajKe IiyO-
JIH^HOH KpHTHKe He UpHBOAHJIO — CJIHIHKOM CEJieH ^ 6iIJI

naeTex nepen H3paHneM h npeACTaBJieHEe o tom, wo ceifaac,
KorAa oh «BeAeT 6opt6y 3a cymecTBOBaHHe», KpHTHKOsaTb
ero «He BpeMH». Ho bo btopoe noJiOBHHe 70-x toaob aMepn-

KaHCKHH HeOpTOAOKCaJIBHHH HyAaH3M HaTOHaeT yCHJieHHO
«CTyqaTb B H3panjIBCKHe ABepH». Or^iaCTH 9TO CBH3aHO C TeM,

ito CTaHOBHTca Bee TpyAHee npeACTaBjiHTB 3KcnaHcnoHECT-
cKyio noJiHTHKy H3paE^a KaK «0TiaHHHyH> 6opb6y 3a bhjkh-
Bairae» h nio6yK) KpHTEKy b ero aApec — KaK «ysap b cnnHy»,
ho npeiKAe Bcero — c onHcaini&iM BHnie npoHeccoM «Ae3THH-
3anEE». HeM. AaJiBme HAeT stot nponecc, TeM nacTOHTejibHee

CTaHOBETCH noxpeSHOCTB AoSnTbCH B H3paHne npH3HaHEfl

aMepEKaHCKOro HeopTOAOKcanbuoro HyAaH3Ma HyAaii3MOM

«H0p,MaJIbnLIM» H BIIOJIHe «CBpCHCKHM».

npHHHMaiOTCH pe30JiionHa aa pe30Jnon,neM, H3paEJibCKoe
npaBHTenbCTBO 6yKBaJiBHO 3aBaJiHBaeTCfl neTEH,HHMH, rpyniibi
pe$opMECTOB h KOHcepBaTopoB b H3paHJie B036.y)KAaioT pas-
Horo poAa cyAeSHBie Aeraa no noBOAy HeKOBCTHTynEOHHocrii
AHCKpEMHIIHpyiOmHX HX 3aK0H0B. BxoHtAeHEe pe(|>opM*iCT-
cKoro h KOHcepBaTHBHoro oe'BeAHHeHHH b BCO AaJio aMepn-

180

KaiiGKHM HyflaHCTaM-neopTOflOKcaM AonoJiiiHTejikiiHe pBinarn
AaBJieHHH, h b 1978 r. KoajiMi^HH aMepHKaiiCKnx choiihctob
h H3panjiBCKHx neKJiepnKaJiBHBix chohhctob npoBejia Ha KOII-
rpecce BCO pe30JHOu,Hio, Tpe6yKnu;yK> paBHonpaBHH Bcex Bex-
Beft Hyflaii3Ma. 9xo Sbijio BocnpuHHTo Kan o^eHt SojiBinaH
no6en,a. Ho hh k ^eny KOHKpeTHOMy ohs He np^Bejia.

KaK pa3 b 3to BpeMH, b 1977 r., b H3paHJie k BJiacTH

npaxoSHT npaBbiS 6jiok napTHH «JlHKyA» bo nraBe c Bera-

hom. IIpaBHTejibCTBo BerHHa 3Ha*iHTejiBHo Menee ckjiohho

npHCJiyniHBaTBca KToJiocaM aMepuKaHCKiix eBpeeB n 3HaHH-

TeJiBHO 6ojiee ckjiohho k ycTyircaM KJiepHKaJiaM-opTo^oK-

caM, iieM npefliuecTByioiuHe npaBHTejiBCTBa. H ero «0TBeT» na

pe30jiKmHK> 1978 r. o^eHb cBoeo6pa3eH. B 1980 r. BeniH

BKJiio-qaeT b KoajiHHHOHHoe corjiameHHe npn co3AaHHH CBoero

Bioporo KaSHHeTa nynKT, corjiacno KOTopoMy oh o6fl3biBaeTCH

noflffep>KaTb npHHHTue 3aKona, He npa3Haioii];ero nyflaHCTa-

mh ii noTeimnajiBHBiMH rpajKflaHaMH HspaHJia Bcex HeeBpeeB,

o6paTHBniHXCH b HeopTOAOKcajiBHHH HyflaH3M, h hx flexes: 2S .

GooTBeTCTByioii],B[H 3aKOHonpoeKT He npoineji nepe3 KHecceT,

ho nocTOHHHoe saBJieHne optoa;okcob Ha npaBHTejiBCTBa Ee-

ruiia, a 3aTeM — IHaMnpa h Ilepeca npoaojiHtaeTCH, hx no3n-

tt tttt b H3paHJiBCKOM o6mecTBe He cJia6eK>T h yrpo3a npHHHTHJi

3aKOHa, no KOTopoMy H3paHJib oipHnnajibHo o6'bhbht, hto

peJIHXHH, KOTOpyiO HCnOBeflylOT SoJIbinHHCTBO aMep^IKaHCKHX

eBpeeB,— «HeHacTOHEa;zH» HynaH3M, coxpaHHeTca.

TannM o6pa30Mj HeopTOAOKcajiBHBiM Hyflan3M Ha^anaer
6opt6y 3 a jiHKBHAaipoo mohohojihh optorokchh b H3paniie,
BO-nepsbix, HMenHO Tor^a, Kor^a oh CTaHOBHTCH b rjia3ax

OpTOAOKCOB OCoSeHHO BpaHtAe6HBIM H «BpeAOH0CHBIM» a9 , bo-

btopbix, Korfla y BJiacin b KfepaHJie OKa3BiBafOTca chuibi, nan-
MeHee CKJioHHBie k ycTyiraaM awcepHKaHCKHM neopTOflOKcaM.
H 3TO othioab He cjiynaaHbie «cOBnaAeHHH».

KorAa-To, b HanaJie BeKa, Korfta H3 Boctoihoh Ebpohbi
ycTpeMHJica Sojibhioh noTOK ©BpeiicKHx 3MMnrpaHT0B —
b CIIIA, h MajibiM — b riajiecTHHCKHe nocejieHHH, 3to 6bijih
jiioah oAHoro h Toro JKe axnoca, oahoh h toh JKe KyjibTypBi.
Ho cMeHHJincB noKoaeHHH. Celiac 6ojibihhhctbo aMepHKan-
cKHx eBpeeB — . 3to Jinna, (paKTMHecKH He o-wranaiomHecJi no
Kyjib'rype ot Apyrnx aMepHKanneB. Hao6opOT, b H3panjie
CKJiaABiBaeTca cOBceM HHaji iiannH, 3Ha*iHTenbHbiM komho-

IieHTOM HOTOpOM Cef^aC HBJIHH)TCfl BBIXOAH,BI H3 apaScKHX
CTpaH, JIIOAH C HHOH KyjibTypHOH OCHOBOH. (MeiKAy npOHHM,

npnxoA k BJiacTir b 1977 r. 6jiOKa «JTHKy,ni» H3pannbCKHe
coi^Ho^orn CBH3BiBajin c ycujieHHeM 3toh STHHiecKofi rpyn-

HBI.) ,HyXOBHbIH KJIHMaT H3paHJIH C ero nOCTOHHHBIM pOCTOM

i8i

nio.BHHHCTMHecKHx HacTpoeHiifi z npaB03KCTpeMKCTCKHX rpynn
cTaHOBHTCH Bee MeHee noxo>K na flyxoBHtifi KJinMaT aMepn-
KaHCKoii eBpeftcKOE o6miiHBi. Hftyx 3aK0H0MepHwe coi;naJiB-
Hbie, KyjibxypHtie h araHHecKne npoueccBi, Be^yiomHe k TOMy,
■ito Korp;a-TO rpOMaAHan nponacTB, OTflejiHiomafl eBpeeB-HMMH-
rpaHTOB ot aMepzKanu;eB, Hc^e3aeT. H nao6opoT, yrjiyGjiHexca
panee OTcyTCTByiom;aH nponacTB Me>KAy aMepHKaiiCKHMH es-
peaMH h n3paHJii>THHaMH. Ho HAeoJioriiH aMepHKaHCKHX eBpe-
eB— h HynaH3M, kotopbih aaate b pe<popMHCTCKOM BapnaHTe
nocTyjinpyet caKpantHoe 3na-q:eHne «kpobhmx y3», h cpne-
TaromHHCH c him chohh3m, TpeSyioinHH cnjioneHHH eBpeeB
BOKpyr «CBoero rocyftapcTBa* e KyjiBTHBupoBaHHH «ejniHOH

H CaM06bITIIOH» KyJIBTypM,— He MOJKeT CMHpiITBCfl C 3THMH

nponeccaMii, «ciiokohho» othochtbch k hhm. Chxioiia — Hfleii-

HMH KPH3MC.M yCl-IJieHHe pejIHrilOSIIO-HAeOJIOrHieCKOH 6opt6Bi.

7. Poct npOTHBopeinfi Meatfly jinSepanbHbiMH h chohhct-

CKIIMH TeHfleUI^HHMII B nOJIHTHHeCKOH aKTMBHOCTH aMepHKaH-

CKoro HeopTOfloKcaabHoro iiyflaH3Ma. Kpn3HC, CBH3aHHBui c
npoTHBopeHHeM Bee ycHJiHBaHHHHxcH accHMHJiHHHOHHBix npo-
neccoB h EAeojioraeH, nocTyjiiipyioineH 3TiiH.HecKHC oSocoo-
neHHocTfc h eflnncTBO eBpeeB, oxBaTBiBaeT He tojibko co6ct-
Beniio pejiHrH03iiyio ctpepy. HeopxoaoKcajiBHMH Hyj(aH3M,

KaK Mil y?Ke rOBOpHJIH, IiaXOflHTCH B C03HaHHH aMepHKaHCKHX

eBpeeB b ejjHHCTBe c ffByMfl flpyrnMH KOMnoHeirraMH Mnpo-

B033peHHH — JIH6epajIH3MGM H CH0HH3M0M (BOCIipHHHMaeMBIM

He KaK TpeftoBaHne nepee3;a;a b HspaHJit, a jihhib KaK Tpe6o-
BanHe ero noflAepWKH h KyjiBTHBnpoB antra «eBpeacKoro na-
HHOHaJiBHoro caM0C03HaHna») . H o^ho H3 npoaBjieHHH cob-
peMenHoro KpH3nca — pacxojK^eHHe Mejtwy 3thmh KOMnoHeH-
Taini, Bee 6oJiBinee npoTHBope^iHe jiH6epaiEH3Ma h CHOHH3Ma.
IlepBBie Tpem;HHBi 3ji;ecB hohbhjihcb cpa3y me nocjie boh-
hbi 1967 r., Kor^a na MejKjiyiiapoflHOii apeHe KaK pa3 xe
chjibi, no OTHouieiiiiio k KoxopBiM aMepHKancKne eBpen BcerAa
3aHHManH HaH6ojiee JinSepajiBHyio no3nnino, OKa3ajiucb nan-
6ojiee nocireflOBaTejiBHBiitfH npOTHBHHKaMH H3paHjn>CKHX 3a-
xBaTOB. Ho ne^To nofloSnoe nponcxoAHT h na BHyTpHnojiHTH-
^ecKoii apeHe CIIIA. JInSepajiBnoe npoTecTaaTCKoe RyxoBeH-
ctbo TpajpmHoimo 6bijio coi03hhkom eBpeeB-jiH6epajioB. Ho
xenepB Han,noiiajii>iiBiM cobct ncpKiseii XpucTa h 0Tj];ejiBHBre
npOTecxaHTCKHe n;epKBH BcxaioT na n03Hn;HE npnsnaiiHfl OOn
h npasa naJiecTHHn;eB na caMOonpejjejieHHe h HeoanoKpaTHo
BBiCTynajin c ocyjKfleHneM pa3JiHHHBix arpeccnBHBix aKTOB
H3paHjiH. 9ia no3nn;HK jin6epajiOB-npoTecTaHTOB nociaBUJia
eBpeeB-jra6epajiOB b oco6o cjioHtnyio HAeojiorHHecKyio cirrya-
i^uio, h6o «cnHcaTt» ee aa c^ct aiiTHceMHTH3Ma HHKaK. ue w

m

jiynaeTCH. Pe3K0 yxyAiuaiOTca 11 oxiiomeiiHa eBpeeB-JinEiepa-

JIOB C flpyrBM TpaflZU,HOHHbIM C0K>3HHK0M — aepHblMH, y KO-
TOptlX yCHJIHBaeTCH TeHfleHI^Hfl K CaMOHAeHTH(pHKaiI,HH c
((TpeTbHM MH.pOM» H COOTBeTCTBeHHO afiTHCHOHHCTCKHS Ha-

CTpoeHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, chohh3m HainnaeT oTAajiHTb eBpe-
eB-JiH6epaJiOB ot hx «CTapux Apy3eft», h nocTeneHHo .koh$-

JIIIKT MeJK^y CH0HH3M0M H ' JIH6epajIBHO-AeMOKpaTH*ieCKHMH

u,eHH0CTflMH na x iHHaeT pasBopaaarcaxBCH h b hx coQctbctthom

C03Iia-HHH.

B KOHne 60-x toaob h oco6eHHO nocjie bohhh 1973 r. bto
BeAeT k ynaAKy jnioepajibHOH aKTHBHOcxn aaiepHKaHCKHx eB-
peeB. IIoffAepJKKa H3panjia cxaHOBiiTca hoboh 3a6oToii, a
fleHtrn, enje b 1971 r. coGapaBinaeca Ha noMOiip. BbexnaMy,
b 1973 r. nepeflaioTCfl M3pamiio M .

E[pHo6peTaeT H3BecTH0CTb rpynna eBpeacKax HHTejuieKxy-
aJtoB, oTpeKniHxca ot jia6epaJiH3Ma a paflHKaJiH3Ma Kan
«rpexos CBoeii iohoctjiw, KOTopaa cocTasHJia aApo Ta.K na3bi-
BaeMBix HeoKOHcepBaTOpoB.

Pe3Ko ycmiHBaioTCH aHTHCOBeTCKHe nacTpoeHHH, h Jio6-
6ftCTCKan AeHTejibHOCTL CBpeHCKax opraHaaai^HH b stot ne-
paoA HanpaBJiHeica HenocpeACTBeiiao npoTHB CCCP a HeMaJio
cnoco6cTByex yxyAaieaaio coBeTCKo-aMepHKaaCKax OTHonie-
hhS (KpaiiHee BMpaffleHne 3toh TeHAenaaa — npecjioByTaa
«JIara 3amHTbi eBpeeB», 6ojibiithhctbo ajienoB KOTOpoii ceS-
Hac nepeSpajioct b H3panjiL)..Ho nocTenemio, b Konae 70-x —
na'iajie 80-x toaob caTyau;Ha na^nnaeT ueiiBThca.

ynoMaiiyxtiH Bbime oTHOCHTeJibHbia «jiH$epajiH3M» ainepH-

KancKHx eBpeeB cBH3aH c A e HCTBiieM cneaatpaaecKHx iiMenno

Ajjh eBpeeB Kyjitxypiibix (paKTopop, a, cJieAOBaTejn.no, b npo-

Hccce aMepnKaHH3an;HH oh aojukcii h/;tm na y6buib. J^e&ciBm-

xeJibHO, paA AaiiHwx roBopax, i ixo paaJiHiae nosaipia eBpeeB a

neeBpeeB b paivmax oahmx a Tex JKe coaaajibHbix KaTeropaa

yMeHbinaeTCfl 31 . Ho xeaAeaaaa axa noKa aTO jiauib oaeHB

cjiaSaa h aenpbiHaa. Kpoivie xoro, Aa>Ke ecrca cnea.H(pa*ie-

CKHe a-hh AaHiioii axHHHecKOH rpymibi (paKTopti BOo6me ne-

pecTaiiyT AeScTBOBaTb, 3to othioab ne 6yn,eT osHa^iaTb, ^to

eBpea npeBpaTHTca b KOHcepBaTHBHyio rpynny. BeAB eBpea

3HaaaTejibHo o6pa30BaHaee, aeM «cpeAaae aMepaKaHBbi»,

a o6pa30BaHHe b CIIIA aeTKO KoppeJinpyex c jiH6epajiH3MOM.

IloSTOMy ynaAOK JiRSepajibHOH aKTHBHOCTH eBpeeB b 60-e —

Hanajie 70-x toaob hh b Koeg Mepe ne 03iiaaaji acHe3HOBeiiHe

jin6epajiH3Ma aMepHKaHCKiix eBpeeB. IIpocTo chohh3m 3arjiy-

bihji, 3a6Hji ax jin6epajibHyio aKTHBHocTb. Ho b Bonne 70-x —

Haaajie 80-x toaob b CIIIA B03HHKaex HOBaa CHTyanaa, KorAa

koh^jihkx, jiH.6epajiii3Ma a cnoHM3Ma b co3HaiiHii aMepaKaii-

183

ckhx eBpeeB CTanoBHicfi eiu,e 6ojiee chjtbhmm, ho cnoimaM
yjtte lie b chjisx 3arjiyniHTb jiii6epajiii3M. 8to cBH3ano c bm-
xoflOM b CLUA Ha inHpoKyio noJimiiqecKyio apeHy «hoboh
upoTecTanTCKOH npaBOH» h 3aTeM — c npuxoAOM k BJiacTH
npaBopecny6jiHKaHcKOH aAMHHHCTpan,HH.

«HoBaa npoTecTaincKaH npaBan», ^JKeppn OoJiyaJiJi h

KOMnailHH — HOBBie H aKTHBHefiUIHe C0I03HEKH IfopaHJIH iia

aMepHKancKOH BHyxpunojiHTHTiecKOM apeHe. IIpeflCTaBJieiiHe

o tom, hto coSnpaHiie eBpeeB b IlaJiecTHHe — 3to HcnojmeHne

6ii6jieHCKHX npoponecTB h npn3Haii 6jih30cth «Bioporo npn-

uiecTBna», Bcer^a Qbijio cbohctb6hho pHAy BapaaHTOB npo-

TecTaHTCKoro (pyHAaMeHTaJiH3Ma. Ho b «hoboh npoiecTaHT-

ckom npaBOH» 3tot thh (J>yHflaMeHTaJiH3Ma CTaJi aKTHBHoftno-

jiiiTHiecKOH chjioh, npoB03niacHBineH noAAep>KKy H3panjia

ir cHOHH3Ma o3hoh H3 CBOiix BaiKHeHiiiHX 3ap,aH. HoAAepHtKa

3ia — a6cojiH>Tiio 6e3oroBopo i maH m norMa-nrcecKafl n . Ona

pacnpocTpaHjieTCH h Ha npoB03rjiameiine HepycajiHMa ctojiw-

i\en, h Ha KOJioHH3an,Hio 3anaAHoro 6epera. Bee arpeccHBHbie

AeiicTBHH H3paHJiH BEi3tiBaiOT y (PoJiyaJiJia h Apyrnx AeflTeJieft

3Toro THna rpoja anjioAHCMeiiTOB 33 . Co3flaeTca aajne MejKfly-

iiapoAHan opraHH3au,HH npoTecTaHTCKnx (pyHAaMeHTajiHCTOB,

noAAepJKHBaMmHx IfepaHJib h oS'beAHHHioiH.HxcH BOKpyr

«MejKAyHapoAHoro xpncTHaHCKoro nocojTbCTBa» b Hepycajra-

Me 34 . BerHH, eciecTBeHHO, nyum He iaaji b hobhx cok>3hh-

Kax, c KOTOpbiMH y Hero He 6bijio HKKaKHx xjionoT, b otjih-

HHe ox aMepHKaHCKHx eBpeeB, Tpe6ywm,HX paBHonpaBHH Bcex

nanpaBJieHHH HyAan3Ma h Boo6m,e, kbk mm sto ybhahm, Ha-

MHHaioiUHx Bee 6ojiee coMHeBaTbCH b npaBHJibHOCTH H3pa-

HJIbCKOH nOJIHTHKH. OlIH HHHero He TpeSyiOT H TOJIbKO nofl-

AepatHBaiOT. IIo3TOMy Qojiyajuiy 0Ka3biBai0TCH BceB03M0JK-
Hbie 3HaKH BHHMaHHH — BerHH 3bohht eMy no xejietpOHy,
Bcipe^aeTCH c hhm, eiay AaeTCH H3panjibCKaH «npeMHH JKa-
6othhcko:to». H KaK pa3 noHBJieHne Ha noJiHTHiecKofi apeHe
3toh hoboh npoHspanjibCKoii CHjibi h nocTaBHJio aaiepHKan-
ckhx neopTOAOKcajibHbix nyAancTOB — h jra6epajiOB, h cho-

I-IHCTOB OAHOBpeMeHHO — nepeA JKeCTKHM Bbi6opoM MejKAy JI5H-
6epajIH3MOM H CH0HH3M0M.

flejio B tom, tio bo Bcex nyHKTax CBoefi nporpaMMbi,
Kpoiae nyHKTa o noAAepffiKe Hspanjia, eBpen-jraSepajibi is.
npoxecTaHTCKne (pyHAaMenTaJiHCTbi — aHTanoAH h aHTaroHH-
ctm. IIporpaMMa «hoboh npoTecTaHTCKoft npasoft* BonjiomaeT
Bee, c neM AecflTHJieTHH 6opoJiHCb eBpeH-JiH6epajibi: peJiHrH03-
hbih ii MopajibHbifi AO rMaTH3M i CTpeMJieHHe k ycnjieHHio no-
jiHTHnecKOH pojiH peJiHrHH, Tpe6oBaHHe penpeccHBHoro mo-
pajibHoro 3aKOHOAaTe^bCTBa, Ao rMaTHTiecKH npHHHMaeMyio

184

<£hjioco<$>hio «laissez-fait'e», arpeccHBByto h raoBiiinicTHie-
cKyio BHeinHenoniiTH^iecKyH) ho3hhhk). KaK CKa3aji bhj,hhh
aiiepHKaHCKHH KOHcepBaTHBHBifi paBBHH A. Tepu,6epr: «Co-
xpaHflioinHHCfl HHTepec eBpeeB saiunoqaeTCH KaK pa3 b 06-
mecTBe xaKoro Tana, KOTopoe sacxaBJineT MHCTepa <t>ojiy3JiJia
HyBCTBOBaTt ceSfl HeyAo6HO» S5 .

Bonee Toro, ecjin y npOTecTaHTCKHX Jin6epajTOB, Hapanjit
He nojwepjKHBaiomnx, aHTnceMHTH3Ma ne iiafiaeinb Aa>Ke npn
6ojibihom jKejiaHHH, to pha BbicKa3tiBaHHH CDojiyajiJia n Apy-
rnx Jinp;epoB npoTecTatiTCKOH npaBoii, npa BCea hx florMaTH-
necKn npon3paHJii.CKOH no3HHira, OT^aiOT oiuyrjiMMM anxH-
CeMHTCKHM «flyinKOM» 3S .

B 8toh CHTyauzz chohhctckhh (paKTop He CMor nepeBe-
chtb b co3HaHHH 6ojiBinnHCTBa aiwepHKaHCKiix eBpeeB JIH6e-
pajiBiioro (paKTopa. I^eBTpbi peipopMHCTOB h «KoncepBaTopoB»
pa3BopaHHBaKiT KaMnaHHio npoTHB hoboh npaBOH h ee «3Jio6-
, iibix m, bo3mo>kho, oecnpeneAeiiTHBix aTaK Ha rpa>KflaHCKHe
h pejiHrH03Hwe cbo6oabi scex aMepnKaHueB* * T , a KpynneH-
uian eBpeiicKaH opraHH3au;HH CHIA, AMepuKaiiCKHH eBpefi-
ckhh KOHrpecc, npiinKinaeT pe30JHoHHio: «Bpep,, hcxoahihhh
H3 hx (npoTecTaHTCKOH npaBoS. — #. 0.) nonBiTOK ype3aTB
cbo6oabi b Haniefi cTpaHe, He B03MeinaeTCH hx OTHonieHneM

K H3paHJIK)» 3S .

KaK mbi y^te rosopHJin, aiuepHKaHCKHe espen b Macce
cBoefi y?Ke Ha Bti6opax 1980 r. BBicKa3ajincB npoTHB noAAep-
HtaHHoro «hoboh npoTecTaHTCKOH npaBOH» PefiraHa. H nojni-

THKa HOBOH aAMHHHCTpaHHH — H BHeiHHHH, H BHyTpeHHH —

BBi3tiBaeT y MHorux eBpeeB b CIIIA Bee 6ojiBHiee npoTHBo-
AeacTBHe. Bee Kpynn&ie eBpencKHe opraHH3anKH CIIIA, b
tom ^Hcjie oSteAHHHiomHH Bee HyflaHCTCKHe «nepKBH» Ch-
HaroraJitHBifi coBeT AnepHKH h pyKOBOAHmne opraHBi peipop-

MHCTOB, peKOHCTpyKHHOHHCTOB H KOHCepBaTOpOB, npHHHMalOT

pe30JH0u,HH:, npH3BiBaioH];He k 3aMOpa5KHBaHHio HAepHBix
BOOpyJKeHnii. /JaiKe optoaokcbi, KOToptie 6ojiBHie, ^eia neop-
toaokcbi, ronocoBajiH 3a PefiraHa h KOTopne b TpeSoBaHnnx,
CBH3aHH&ix c MopajiBHBiM 3aK0H0j(aTejiBCTB0M (sanpememie

a6opTOB H T, IT.) , 6jIOKHpOBaJIHCB C HOBBIMH HpOTeCTaHTCKHMH

npaBBiMH h 3aHrpBiBaJiH c hhmh, npHHHMaiOT b 1982 r. pe30-
jiiohhio, npH3biBaioni,yK) k paracpHKanHH OCB-2 h «3aMopa-
}KHBaHHioi> HAepHBix BOopyjKeiiHH. Ho, ecTecTBeiiiio, nanSoJiee
peniHTejiBHbie npoTHBHHKn Peftrana — petpopMHCTBi. JIjih
ocyjKAeHHH hojihthkh PeiiraHa y hx Jinsepa A. HlnHAJiepa
SyKBaJiBHO He xBaTaeT cjiob: «BoHHa npoTHB 6eaH0CTH npe-
BpaTHnacBBBOHHynpoTHB6eAHBix... 9to npaBHTemtCTBO, bbt-
pa5KaKiu;ee bojibd Soranen, pyKOBOAHMoe SoranaMH h AencTBy-

m

iom;ee 11a 6jiaro Goranes... y hhx oahii Ji03yiir — npoH3BOflHTb
opysKne, upoflaBaTB opy>KHe, npeAJiaraTb iipoh3boactbo ho-
Boro opy?KH[H» 39 .

AMepiiKancKiie HyAancTbi, TaKHM o6pa30M, BbicTynaioT
celiac b oahom p«Ay c jinSepajibiibiMii npoTecTaHTaMn z Ka-
TOJiHKaMH, necMOTpn na to *ito nocjie^HHe ocyjKAaioT arpec-
CHBHbie AeficTBHa H3paHJia h ctokt 3a npH3HanHe OOI1 h
npaBa najiecxnimeB na caMoonpeAeJieHBe h BbicTynaioT npo-
thb Tex, kto iionflepHKHBaeT H3paHJit 6e3oroBopoHHO. Ane-
pHKancKHe HyAancTbi — aMepHKaHHbi, h b nponecce accuMHJiH-
uhh cxaHOBHTCH Bee 6ojiee «HacTOfliHHMH» aMepnKaHn;aMH.
II KaK 6bi ohh hh 6bijih npeAaHH Hspamiio, ohh He MoryT
b Macce cBoefi AeiicTBOBaTB KaK «H3paHjibCKHe areHTu» n jih-
6epajiBHbie HHTejuinreHTbi — eBpen ne MoryT pa.An H3paHJia

H CHOHH3Ma OTKa3aTbCfl ot 3aiHHTbi cbohx HHTepeCOB n ueH- .
HOCTeii, oGihkx y hex c flpyrnMH aMepiiKaiiCKHMH jra6epajiB-

HblMH HHTeJIJIBrei-ITaMH.

8. Poct npOTHBopeiiifi aMepHKancKoro HeopTOAOKcaJibHO-
ro ayAaH3Ma h n3paHJibCKoro chohh3M3 b ccpepe BHenraeii
HOJiiiTHKH. TaKHM o6pa30M, b 70-e — Ha^ajie 80-x roffOB aite-
pHKaiiCKHe Hy,n;ancTH 0Ka3ajracb b npoTHBOpeHHBoS CHTya-
hhh: hx y6ejKAeHHH KaK aMepnKancKHX jinSepajios, hx no3H-

HHH B aMepiIKaHCKOH BHyTpHnOJIHTE^eGKOH CHTyartHH, c oahoS

CTopoHbr, h TpeSoBaHHH H3paHJibCKoii nojiHTHKH — c Apyrofi,
ne tojibko ne coBnaftaioT, ho 0Ka3HBaK>TCH npHMo npoTHBono-
jio>KHbiMH. M bch Jiornna pa3BHTHJi aMepiiKaHCKofi eapeficKofi
oSrquHH, Bee 6ojiBmee CTHpaHHe KyjibTypnbix h ncHxojiorn-
*iecKHx p,a3JiHTiHH[ aMepHKaHCKHx eBpeeB h neeBpeeB, pasno
KaK TenflenmiH paaBHTHH H3panjiH, Bee GojiBnian ponb b iieM

CHJI, OTKpblTO HJOBHIIHCTHHeCKHX, AOHJKHBI yCHJIHBaTB 9TO

oco3naHne h Becra k «AHCTaiin,npoBaHHKi» ot H3panjibCKOH

nojIIITHKH. IlpOfleCC 3T0T MOJKeT 6bITb JIHIHb OHeHb CJIOJKHBIM

ii My'iHTejiBHbiM, h6o upeKjiOHeHHo nepeji; H3panJibTHHaMH
h npeACTaBJieHne o tom, wo IfopaHJib BejjeT «6opb6y 3a cy-
iu;ecTBOBaHne», rraySo^iaHiraiM o6pa30M yKopeHeHbi b co3naHHH
aMepHKaiiCKHX eBpeeB.. Ho nponecc btot ne MOJKeT H.e hath."
Mbi yate bhachh, h:to b o#hoh cfpepe — H3paHJibCKOH pejin-
rno3Hofi noJiHTHKH h peanrH03Horo 3aKOHOAaTeJibCTBa —
HerjiacHbiM 3anpeT na KpHTHKy H3panjia yme cnoMaH h koh-
(pjiHKT ainepHKancKHx eBpeeB h H3panjTa pa3Bopa*iJiBaeTc;i
co Bcefi chjioe. BHeniHHH nojiHTHKa H3pamia — cipepa 3Ha-
HHTejibHo 6ojiee «caKpajibHaa» rsih co3tiaHHH aMepjHKancKnx
eBpees, HeM ero BnyTpeHHHe ^ejia. TeM ne MeHee onpeAeJieii-
iiBie cABurn npOHCXOAHT h b 3tom cipepe. H ectb ociiOBanHH
npeflnojiaraTB, hto anoxa «aBTOMaTH^ecKo&» noAA&P>KKH

186

aMepHKaHCKHME eBpeflMH JIH)6blX H3paHjn>CKHX Tpe60BaHHH

npHQjrajKaeTCH k Koi-iny.

Ym.e b 1980 r. H3rnaHHBie H3 3ana^Horo 6epera apa6ciaie
M3pi.i 6mjih npHrJianienbi sjih BbicTymieHHfl b oflHy H3 hbio-
fiopKCKEX pe(JopMHCTCKHx ciraaror 4 °. Ilocjie Hajieia Ha Beii-
pyT b aBrycTe 1981 r. M. Beprep, HJieH npaBJieniifl oftHoii H3
BJiHaxejiBHeMinHx eBpeHCKHx opraHH3anHH, AMepHKaHCKoro
eBpeiicKoroKOMHTeTa, 3aaBi«i: ((HMKorAaeme b aMepnKaiiCKOii
eBpeflcKofi oGruime ne 6bijio ctojil chjh>i-ihx aiiTiiSerHiiOBCKHx
HyscTB* 41 . MejK^y xeia 3a 3thm nocjieAOBa-nH 6oM6e>KKa MpaK-
CKoro aTOMHoro peaKTopa, arpeccna b JInBaiie h ocaAa Ben-
pyTa, pe3HH b Ca6pe h IHaTiiJie. OnpocBi 1981—1982 rr. nona-
3fcisaioT Bee 6ojibinee AHCTaHuapoBaHHe aMepHKancKnx eBpeeB
ot H3paHJiLCKoii BHcnmefi hojihthkii. TaK, b 1981 r. 31% A<>
nycKajia; bosmohuioctb aKTHBiioro bjihaiihh na BTieuintoio no-
jiHTHKy H3paHJiH, a 30% ciiiTajiK, ^to ee nafl,o noAAepjKii-
BaTb 6e3oroBop.o i mo, a b 1982 r. nepBbix 6hjio 38%, B-ropbix —
24%. B ceimiSpe 1982 r. 18% (rpoMajuiaa nntppa rim
aMepHKaHCKHx eBpeeB) ciHTajiH, hto iiyjKno npnocTanoBHTb
noMomb H3paHjiio, htoSbi 3acTaBHTB ero yfiTii H3 JIiiBaHa.
Pe3KO yMeHbinnjicH no a BJiHHiraeM bohhbi b JInBane npoueiiT
Tex, kto ctoht 3a aHHeKCHio 3anaAHoro 6epera (29% —
b 1981 r., 19% - b 1982 r.) 42 . B 1982 r. Ha cbeapfi. peipop-
mhgtckhx ciraaror BnepBBie 6buia BHecena pe30JiK)UHH, ocym-
AaK>maji arpeccnio HUpaHjra b JlHBaHe. PesoJirouiiH He npoin-
jia. Ho npe^JioiKHJi ee hh 6ojibnie hh Meiibuie nan npe3HAeHT
AccoHHauim petpopMHCTCKHX paBBHHOB Bojibhiofo Hbto-
HopKa H. flpeci-iep 43 .

3tot npcm.ecc oCBo6o;KAen.HH ot ncHxo.norH'iecKOH 3aBHCH-

MOCTH OT H3paHJIfl, 0C03HaHIia pa3JIHHB[H CBOHX l^eHHOCTeii

h neHHOcxefi HspamibCKoro oSmecTBa — nponecc Kpaiiiie
Tpy^HbiH h MyiiHTejibiibiH. H3BecTHbiH cohhojiov — eapeii
ft. Bejui TaK oxapaKxepH30Baji ncuxojiorHHecKyio cHTyanHio
b aMepHKancKOH o6mHHe nocjie Ca6pbi h IHaTHJibi: «CTeneHB
flynieBHbix MyK HeBepoKTHa» 44 .

OCiieKTHBHo anepHKaHCKHe eBpen Bee Sojibme oTAajin-

IOTCH OT H3paHJIBTHH. Ho 3TOT npOHeCC HJjeT He TOJILKO HOMH-

mo bojiji, ho h npoTHB bojih aMepHKaHCKHx eBpeeB. BoJiee
Toro, leM SojiBine Hcne3aeT hx peajiBHan KyjibTypHaa o6oco6-
jieHH.ocTb b GIIIA h yBejiH-qHBaiOTCH hx KyjibiypHbie h Mnpo-
BOsapeH^ecKHe otjih^ihh c H3paH3ibTHH0MH, TeM 6oJibme ohh
CTpeiwaTCH yTBepAHTB csoe espeiicTBo h cboh cbh3h c H3pan-
jieM. IIo3TOMy HenocpeACTBeHHoe cneACTBue aMepHKaHH3a-
i;hh napaAOKcajibHO — ne ocjiaGjieinie, a yCHJienne KoiiTaKTOB
■ c H3paHJieM, no KoiiTaKTOB, iianpaBJieniibix na to, tito6li ua-

187

MeHHTt H3paHJiB, HanpaBHTB ero aBontonnio no HHOMy ny™,
CAejiaTb ero 6oJiee cooTBeTCTByiomHM neHHOCTfiM aMepuKaii-
ckoh jiHSepajifcHoii HHTeJiJiHrOHUHii. Mm BHAenH, Kan pa3BO-
paHHBaeTCH pejiHrH03Hbra koh^jihkt Meawy Sojibhihhctbom
aMepEKaHCKHx eBpeeB — HeppTosoKcajibHHMH HyAancTaMH h
H3paKJieM, KaK ycmiHBaeTCH 6opb6a 3a H3MeHeime pejrarH03-
Horo 3aK0HOAaTejibCTBa Ktepamm, ctowb npoTHBopenamero
aMepHKaHCKHM 6ypatya3Ho-seM0KpaTHHecKHM ijeimocTflM. pe-
JiHrHO3ii0H cbo6oam. Ho ne'iTo 1103061100, oyeBHRiio, nane'ia-
eiCH h b coGcTBeimo noJiHTH^ecKOH cxpepe. Bee Sojibinee i-ie-

AOBOJIbCTBO H3pattJIBCK0H nOJIHTHKOH Be^eT He K TOMy, ^ITO

H3paiiJitcKHe flejia cxaHOBHica ajih SoJitniHHCTBa aMepHKaH-
ckhx eBpeeB 6e3pa3jnnmbi, a k TOMy, ito ohh Bee 6ojiee

aKTHBHO DblTalOTCH Ha HHX B03AeHCTB0BaTb. KpynHeKiuHH

jin^ep HyAancTOB-KOHcepBaTOpOB paBBHH A. repuSepr, pe3KO
ocyflHB H3paHJibCKyio arpeccHio b JlnBane, OAHOBpeMeirao
npn3BaJi aiiepHKaHCKHX eBpeeB ycHMHTb cbh3h c H3pamieM.
«Ho,— CKa3an oh,— mh 6yAeM yCTaHasjiHBaTb^ Banm cbh3h
He c H3paHJieM Eeriraa, a c „ApyriiM H3panjieM"» ".

Mbi paccMOTpejiH HAe&Ene npoueccti, npoHCxoaainiie cei^ac
b aMepjtaHCKOM nyAan3Me. H bo scex ccpepax — . c$epe pejiH-

rH03H0H, H B C(pepe HOJIHTHHeCKOH, H B C$epe OTHOHieHHH

MesKAy nyAaiieTCKHMH «u;epKBaMH», h ctpepe oTHonieHna 3tex
uepKBefi c H3panneM — mh BimeJiH pe3Koe yCHJieHne HflenHbix
koh$jihktob. Hx ochobhom hcto^heek — 9to nponecc R&Jlh-
HefimeH «aMepHKaHH3an,HH» eBpeeB b CIIIA. 9tot npon,ecc
HAeT Bpa3pe3 c TpaAHHHOHHoii HAeojiorneii, b rpOMaAHoii
mep,e — homhmo bojih. IIo3TOMy HAeojioraa HaHHiiaeT «Tpe-
ia;aTb», Ha^nnaioTca «MeTaHHfl», coBepineirae niaroB cpa3y
b npoTHBonojioJKHbix HanpaBJieHjaax, oHtecroiaeTCH 6opb6a
pa3Hbix TeHeHHfi. H nocKOJibKy nponecc, hbjihk>iu,hhch hc-
toihhkom 3Toro HAefiHoro Kpz3Hca,— npon;ecc ecTecTBeHHHH

H HeoSpaTHMblfi, KPH3HC 3TOT,' OieBHAHO, 6yA£T yCHJIHBaTbCH.

188

IIpHMenaHHji

1 cnoHH3Me b CIIIA cm.: Poeoe C. M. AMepnKaHCKaa eBpeH-
ci<as o6minra m H3pa11.n1>.— CIIIA — aKOHOMHKa, noJinTHKa, jmeono-
i-hh, 1978, N° 8; cm. TaKJKe: Pocjioe A. C. Pea^HOHHaa cymHocrb
chohhctckoh HReoJioran. M., 1980.

2 Syiae HyflaH3Ma cm. npeiKfle Bcero: Herberg W. Protestant-
catholic— jew. N, Y., 1960, Ceiiraac b CIIIA Kaatftyio neaejiio noceraa-

. iot cvinarorw 24% ei»peeB — uwfcpa, cTa6njn»naH fljrfr ncpaofla 60-x —
80-x ronoB (cm.: Gallup Opinion Index, 1.981, Ian., Report N 184,
p. 26, 31). 3to MeMbine, neM ypoBent HHCTHTyi^HOHajiwioii peJinrH03-
HOCTH npOTeCTaHTOB H KaTOJIHKOB, HO 3IiaHHTejIbHO 6oJiBiue, ieM y

eBpeeB flpynix pa3BHTBix CTpaH.

3 CornaCHO onpocy b fleTpoiwe b 1958 r., 96% espees 3aaBHJin,
hto mx poffCTBeiraMKH 6hjih 6bi oieHB HeROBOMtHLi hx nepexoppM B
Hpyryio Bepy. AnajiorHiHbie 3aHBJieHHH cjjejiaJiH 87% KaTOJiHKOB h
75% 6ejiBix npoiecTaHTOB. (H 3to HecMOTpn Ha to, hto KyJiBTypHtra
ypoBeHB cpeflHero espen b CIIIA Bbirae, neM ypoBeHB npoTecTaHTa
h KaxoJiHKa!) Cm.: Lenski G. The regilious factor. Garden City, 1961,
p. 38.

4 BO3MOJKH0CTH HflHHia KaK 3THHHeCKOrO CHMBOJia h cpeRCTBa

cmioieHHH 11 'oSocoSjienHH Sbijih ohchb orpaHHieHHH. IIpe>Kfle Bcero

B yCJIOBHHX CIIIA COXpaHeHHe HMMHrpaHTaMH H3bIKa HeH3MepHMO

cjioatHee, ieM coxpaHeHne hmh pejrarHir. Ho HflHin h ne Mor arpaTt
jyra .HMMHrpaHTOB-eBpeeB toh pora, Kanyro nrpaji, CKaJKeM, HeMeniKHH
HBH HMMarpaHTOB-HeMueB — CBeTcnaa KynbTypa Ha H«Hine b nepaoffl
MaccoBoii HMMnrpauHH b CIIIA tojibko B03HHKajia, h sa?Ke b Boctoi-
hoh Espone uyiHin Kan jiniepaTypHBiii h3Hk ncnbiTbiBaji cMibHyio
KOHKypeni^HH) co dopoHbi HBpnTa. Kpone Toro, HapHfly c HMMHrpaH-
TaMH H3 Bocto^hoh EBponti ,b CIIIA Obuih eBpea, flJiH kotopbix HflHni
Bo6nie He 6biji poflHHM h3Mkom,— eBpew-cediapjiBi a roBopHBniHe Ha
HesteHKOM eBpen H3 TepMaHBH.

5 Hapajry c pecpopMH3MOM h KoncepBaTH3MOM b CIIIA ecTB eme
OflHO TeneHae HeopioflOKcajibHoro Hy^aH3Ma — noeieneHHo otkojiob-
muHCfl ot KOHcepBaTH3Ma peKOHCTpyKE[HOHH3M, ocHOBaHHBifi Ha yie-
hhh aMepHKaHCKoro paBHiia M. KanjiaHa. PeKOHCTpyKnaoHnaM bm-
paataeT aTHiraecKHH xapaKTep h (pyHKUHH aMepHKaHCKoro nyflaH3Ma
b «nporpaMMHOH» tpopMe, co3HaTejibHo yTBepiKRaa ocHOBHoe 3Haie-
Hne aynaH3Ma KaK chjih, cima^HBaiorneH eBpeeB. O^eBHflHo, HMeHHO
noaTOMy oh He nony^HJi MaecoBoro pacnpocTpaneHHa — HcnoJib30Ba-
Hne nynaH3Ma hjih cnJio^eHriH eBpeficKOH 3THHieCK0H rpynnbi nerKO
cosepniaeTCH 6ecco3iiaTejibHo h, HanpoTHB, «He noJiyiaeTCH», Korna
CTanoBHTCH npeffMeTOM pe$JieKCHH.

6 JlnTepaTypa 06 aMepHKancKOM HeopTOAOKcaJibHOM nyfl;aH3Me
secbMa BejiHita. Cm., Hanp.: Blau I. J. Modem varieties of Judaism.
N Y„. 1966; Sclare M. Conservative Judaism. N. Y., 1972; Glazer N.
American Judaism. Chicago, 1977; Mirslty ' W. D. Unorthodox Ju-
daism. Columbus, 1981 etc.

' Onpocos, pacKpbiBaioiUHX 6ojiee aH6epaJibnyro, ieM «cpeHHe-
■aMepHKaHCnaH», ^03H^HI0 eBpees, SecmcrceHHoe MHoatecTBo. Cm.,
nanp.: American Jewish year book: 1971. N. Y., 1970, p. 113; Gre-
ely A. The American catholic. N. Y., 1977, p. 102—103; Public Opi-
nion, 1981, Febr.-Mar., p. 22; Apr.-Mar, p. 26-27.

06 oTHomennn aMepHKaHCKax eBpeeB k BonpocaM BHeniHea no-
juithkm cm. HCiepntiBaiomee co6paiiHe 'saHHBix b KHHre: Hero A.

189

American religious groups view foreign policy: Trends in rank-and-
file opinion, 1937—1969. Durhan, 1973.

npiIBefleM JIHIHL flaHHbie HeCKOJIbKHX OnpOCOB, OTHOCHIIIHXCH K

nocjiesHEM roflaM, TojiocoBajin 3a PeiiraHa b 1980 r. no pa3HbiM flaH-
hbim ot 25 ho 37% eBpeeB, t. e, sHa^HTejibHo Memme, HeM aMepa-
KamieB b nejiOM. Oflo6pEjia HasHaneHne b 1981 r. JKeHuiirabi b Bep-
xobhmh cyn (eAHHCTBeHHyio «JiH6epajibHyio» Mepy PeiiraHa) 93%
eBpees (aMepHKaHi^ti b n;eJioM — 79%) (Harris Poll Release, 1981,
July 20). 3acHjiire npaBbix npoTecTaiiTCKHx nponoBennHKOB b Tejie-
BHfleiiHH b 1981 r. c^nxaiOT iieHopMajibiiMM 85% eBpeeB h 66% 11a-
cejieiiHH b nejroM (Harris Poll Release, 1981, July 6). noJio>KHTejibiio
oijeiiiiBaioT neHTejiijHocTb Peruana b 1983 r. 21% eBpeeB h 37% im-
cejieiiHH b neaoM (Gallup Poll Release, 1983, Mar. 6).

Ha Bonpoc cjienyex jih CIIIA «JKecT?e» Becxn ce6n b OTHonieHnn
CCCP, «na» OTBeTHJiH b 1980 r. 54% Bcex onponieimbix h 46% espe-
eB, «HeT» — 31% Bcex onponieHHbix h 46% eBpeeB (Commentary,
1981, vol. 72, N 2, p. 28). XapaKxepno, *ixo, no flanHbiM 1983 r.,
34% espees-neMOKpaTOB nonnep>KiiBajiH A. Kpe-HCTOHa nat< KaHnnna-
Ta b npe3HA6HTLi ot fleMOKpaTHiecKoii napTttn, naaSojiee «mhpojiio-
6nBoro» 113 Bcex npexenflenxoB, noxoporo b nejioM noflflepjKHBaJiH
tojilko 4% AeMOKpaioB (Harris Survey, 1983, Sept. 1).

HanoHen, b 1984 r. eBpeii oKasaJracb ennHcxBeHHOii pejijirH03Ho-
aTHHiecKoii rpynnoii 6ejibix aMepHKanncB, cpe/in KOTopoii ctopohhh-
kob Peiirana oica3ajioci> nance Meiibine, qesi b 1980 r. 3a nero nporo-
jiocosajio TOJibKo 32% aMepiwancKHX eBpeeB.

8 Tan, HanpnMep, no naiiniiM onpocos itoniia 60-x roflOB, cpejin
npocpeccypbi ajinxapHbix By3os . nporaB bohiim bo BbexHaiie 6mjih
cpeAH Jinn; ho 29 jieT 28% npoxecianTOB, 30% KaTOJiHKOB h 43% eB-
pees, ot 30 JieT h cxapnie cooxBexcTBeimo 24, 22 h 61%. Cpenn npo-
Ipeccypbi HesjTETapHbix By30B cooxBexcxByioinne i^Hippbi — 20, 20 h
39 h 14, 17 h 35% (Greeley A. The religious factor and academic
carreers. — American Journal of Sociology, .19-73, vol. 78, N 5, .
p. 1250). 3xy >Ke TeHHe-Hnnio noKa3ann sannbie BbiSopoB 1984 'r. 32%
rojiocoBaBniHx 3a Pefirana cpenn eBpeeB — 3to ne tojibko Menbine,
mom b aneKTopaTe b uejioiw (59%), ho h nenbiue, h&m b jiioSoh H3
npo$eccHOHajibno-coi^EaJibHbix, o6pa30Baxejibiibix, person" a JibHbix h
t. h- rpynn 3JieKTopaTa, Kpone nerpoB (9%) h 6e3pa6oTHbix (31%).

9 HeilTpOM COnpOTHBJieiiHH CH0HH3My CO CTOp'OHH EySaHCTCKOH

opxoAOHCHH Sbijih xacnncKire ceitibi, 11 ho cmx nop caTMapcKaa ceKTa
CToviT na pemnxejibiio aHXHcnoHHCTCicnx no3HiiHflx h noflflep?KHBaeT
xooibie cbh3h c H3panjibcKHMn xacHHaMH — anTiicnoi-iHCTaMH E3 op-
raimaanHH «HeTypeii KapTa». HepHOflmiecKH b aiwepHKancKOH ne^axa
noflBJifliOTca anxHCHOHHCxcKHe B033Baiina 3xofi opraHH3ar^HH.

ConpoTHBJieuHe cnoHH3My co croponbi iacTH nynancTOB-pe<£opMii-
ctob, opHeHxupoBaHHBix Ha «BH<HBaHHe» b aMepKKaHCKoe oSmeciBO,
bhhhuthx b HyflaH3Me npejKne scero penHrnio, a b «pacceHHHH» —
cpeflCXBO ycneniHoro noBceMecxiioro .pacnpocTpaneHHH «HCTHHHbix
pejiHTH03Hbix npHHi^nnoB», ojiEiieTBopaeTCs BbimenninM H3 pe^op-
mhcxckoto 06'LeflHHeHHs AMepHKaHCKiiM coBeTOM Hynan3Ma — opra-
iiH3an;HeH, BJiHHxejibHoii b 40-e rr., no cea^ac oieni. ocaaSmefi.

10 Religion in America: 1981.— Gallup Opinion Index, 1981, Jan.,
Report N 184, p. 19.

11 Cefiiac ecxb . neKOTopbie nainiLie, no3BOJiHiomHe rosopHxt, hto
3xot «pMBOK BBepx* Ha^HHaex BbiHHxaxbCJi. Tan, neyiuioHHo pocmnfi
nponeux eBpeeB b npo<£ec.eype b 60-e — 70-e tohm CTa6HJiH3npyeTCff
(cm.: Greeley A. The religious factor and academic carreers,

190

p. 1249). STHHqecKaji rpynna npaKxHiecKH Hciepnajia cboh bo3Mo;k-
hocth, m b Hajii>HeHmeM ee js,oh>kum oxTecHHTt fflpyrne, oocxo/iHiuHe*
rpynnti. ■

12 OflHHM H3 cjieRCTBHii axoro HBJiHeToi yna/MK Tex CBoeo6pa3-
hmx ^epx ncuxojroniH eBpeeB, Koxoptie nan pa3 cnocoGcTBOBajia yc-
neuiHoii counajibHOH moohjibhocth. Tan, cpe^H eBpeeB pacTeT hhcjio
pa3B0A0B, HapKOManoB, nBHHHu; h t. n. CxaHOBHTCH Bee 6oJiee pac-
npocxpaHeHMoii coBepuieHHo HexapaKxepnaa paHee cpHrypa SpociiB-
niero KOJiJiejpK MOJiofloro eBpea, uiJMioiuerocH 6*e3 ReJia m BOBJieien-
Horo b Mirp MOJioflejKiiofi «KOHTpKyjn.Typw» c ee napKOTHicaMii, boc-

TOIHtlMH KyjILTaMH H T. n.

13 Gallup Poll Pelease, 1981, May 10. Cm.. Tam-ne: Quinley H. E.,
Glock Ch. Anti-semitism in America. N. Y., 1979.

14 Washington Post, 1979, Sept. 1, p. C-6. IIo RpyruM flaHHMM,
Bcero aMepHKaHn;eB, ciHTaBimix, ^to y eBpeeB cjiumKOM mhoto BJia-
cth, b 1946 r. HacmTbiBajiocb 58%, b 1975 r.— 26%, b 1981 r.— 8%
(US News and World Report, 1981, July 13, p. 48).

15 Singer S. Living with intermarriage.— Commentary, 19/9,
vol. 68, N 1, p. 49.

16 Peaojuoima o pyKonojiojKeHHn /KeiimHii fouia npHHATa ac-
caM6jieeii paBBiiHoB 151 tojiocom npoTHB 115 (cm.: Jewich Journal,
1980, May 30, p. 19). IlepHneTMH 6opb6bi no axoMy Bonpocy Heo;mo-
KpaTHo ocBemajiHCi aMepiiKaHCKoii npeccoH. Cm.: Washington Post,
1975, Apr. 25, p. C-8; 1977, May 13, p. E-6; Jewish Journal, 1980,
May 9, p. 21; Apr. 13, p. 19—20.

17 Washington Post, 1981, Sept. 25, p. B-18.

18 Washington Post, 1979, Oct. 1, p. B-18.

19 Washington Post, 1981, Dec. 19, p. C-ll.

20 Washington Post, 1983, Mar. 26, p. B-5.

21 Jewish Journal, 1980, Oct. 10, p. 25.

22 The Ghetto and beyond: Essays on Jewish life in America/
Ed. by P. I. Rose. N. Y., 1969, p. 154.

23 Washington Post, 1976, Dec. 3, p. C-12.

24 Jewish Journal, 1981, Aug. 8, p. 17; 1982, Jan. 8, p. 18.

25 Washington Post, 1983, Mar. 26, p. B-5.

26 Ibid., June 25, p. C-10.

27 Jewish Journal, 1980, Apr. 11, p. 19.

28 IlqcjieflHHH H3 83 nyHKTOB npaBHTejiBCTBeHHoro corjiameuHJi
1981 r, rjiacroi: «IIpeMBep-MiiHHCTp noJiaraex, ^to, nocKOJibKy koh-
neniiBH oSpaineniiji — no cyxH CBoeii raJiaxn^ecKaa, 3anoH o B03Bpa-
m;eHHH floajKen 6htb ncnpaBJien h BKJiKmxb cjioBa „o6pameHHe b
cooTBeTCTBHH c rajiaxoH ,l » (Jerusalem Post, 1981, Aug. 9—15, p. 8).

29 «Tparn^ecKas hpohhh, — roBopiir rjiaBa opxonoKcajibHoro Co-

BeTa paBBHHOB AMepHKH,— HTO JIHJiepbl PedlOpMBI CTpeMSTCH K npM3-

HaHHio h npnoSpeTeiiHio JierantHoro cTaxyca b H3panjie MMeimo
Torfla, Korfla ohh na^ajiH cboio nojrnxHKy pa3pymeHHji» (Jewish
Journal, 1980, Febr. 8, p. 21) .

30 Washington Post, 1975, Febr. 14, p. P-20.

31 El Azhary M. S. Political cohesion of American jews in Ame-
rican politics. Univ. press of America, 1980, p. 17 — 19. OieHt HHTe-

peCHH B 3T0M OTHODieHHH RaHHbie npe3HfleHTCKHX BbiSopoB 1980 r.
P. PefiraH, QoJiee npaBbin, ieM pecny6jiHKaHCKHH KanflHnax 1976 r.
J[m. d>opfl, b mejiOM no dpaHe noTepnji no cpaBHeHHio c OopflOM ro-
jioca b nanGoJiee SoraTOM a o6pa30BaHHOM cerMenxe HaceJieHiin h
no6ennji 3a c^eT CBoero yenexa b cjiohx oxnocuxejibHO 6ep;Hbix m
i[eo6pa30BainiMx. Ho cpeflu eBpeeB nm\a c HanSojibnxKM soxoflOM

rojiocoBajiH 3 a PeiiraHa b 1980 r. 6oJn.rne, neM aa Oopua b 1976 r.
TaKEM oSpaaoM, b nepnon 1976—1980 rr. 3 bojiiohhh HacTpoeHHH es-
peeB h HeeBpeeB b CIIIA mum b npOTHBonojiowHOM HanpaBJiemin,
«naBCTpeHy» apyr jroyry. Cm.: Himmetfarb M. Are jews becoming
republican? — Commentary, 1981, vol. 72, N 2. OflHaKO, xoth eme
neT saiiHLix o rojiocoBanMH oTAejibHBix conHajiBHBix cjioeB eBpeeB B
1984 r., b nejioM pa3ptiB MeHtjry rojiocoBamieM eBpeeB h HeeBpeeB b
nocjieflHHX npe3HaeHTCKHX BBiSopax 6biji 6oJiwne, a He MeHBme, neM

b 1980 r. ^

32 flat. <DoJiyaOT CKa3aji, hto oh BepHT, hto «Eor nocTynaeT c
HaponaMH, hcxosh H3 toto, KaK obh nociynaioT c H3pamieM k ero

■ HaponoM, • h6o eBpen — H 3 6paHHbra Hapofl Bo>khh» (Congressional
Quarterly: Weekly Report, 1981, Aug. 22, p. 1526). C HeaHaTOTem-
hbimh MOAHtpHKanHHMH 3ia $pa3a npnBOAHTCs b: Washington .Tost,
1981, Sept. 12, p. A-15; Jerusalem Post, 1982, Apr. 11—17, p. 20.

33 II jk OojiyajiJi BBiCTynaa b,CHIA Kan npflMoii areHT Eerrraa.
TaK, bo BpeMH 6oM6eJKKH Beapyia b Hione 1981 r. OoJiyann bbohhji
BernHy, «tto6h nofl6onpHTB ero», 3aTen pa3BepHyji aKTHBHyro jioo-
6acTCKyro KaMnaHHio. Jlocjie 6oM6e?KKH HpaKCKoro a-roMHoro peaKTO-
pa BerHH cain o6pa™jiCH k OoJiyoJiJiy c npoctSofi opraHTiooBaTB npo-
naraHflHCTCKyio KaMnaHHio. Cm.: Congressional Quarterly: Weekly
Report, 1981, Aug: 22, p. 1526.

31 3ia opraHH3au;HH o6i>eRHHHeT npeJKRe scero opxoflOKcajiBHBix
npoTecraHTOB H3 nepKBefi na:n,BHHHCTCKOH TpaflH^n. KpoMe aMepn-
KamjeB, b Hefi 6oJiBmyio pojit nrpaiOT roJuianfflUBi. O&pamajiCB k Be-
rnHy, ee npeRCTaBHTeJK. 3aaBHJi: «Bi.i Hnnne noMomH ceMH mhjijiho-
hob eBpeeB, ho ecTB 70 mhjijihohob xpncraaH, KOTopBie WKyT, htooii

BBI HX HCnOJIB30BaJIH... MBI HynHHe CHOHHCTBI, HeM BBI, H3paHJIBTHHe.

Mbi HeABycMbicjieHHO TpeQyeit Bcefi IIajiecTHH&r» (Jerusalem Fost,

35 Congressional Quarterly: Weekly Report, 1981, Aug. 28,

P- 1586 - * ' * <™

38 Tan, hoctohhho roBopa o eBpeax KaK ob «H3&paHH0M Hapo-

ne», flat. OoJiya^Ji ORHOBpeMeHHo Mor CKa3aTt: «fl nyMaio, ito eB-
peft myTH MOJKeT csejiaxB ctojibko ^ener, ckojibko Bawc He cflejiaTB
npir BceM craparoiH*,— oSxhchmb hotom, hto bto 6i>ma «niyTKa»
(Washington Post, 1981, Sept. 12, p. A-15).

« Jewish Journal, 1982, July 16, p. 12.

™ Washington Post, 1981, Oct. 30, p. B-20.

39 Washington Post, 1981, Dec. 12, p. C-14
«. Jewish Journal, 1980, June 20, p. 21.

» Time, 1981, Aug.. 3, p. 19. .

« Newsweek, 1982, Oct. 4, p. 11. B 1983 r. cpejin aMepnKaHCKHX
eBpeeB Sbiji npoBejieH onpoc, TaKHte noKa3aBmnH HaJiircHe anaiH-
TejiBHoii onno3HHHH H3panJiBCKoii noJiHTHKe h TeHAeHnnio k «hhc-
TaHnnpoBaHHio* ot Hee. 60% awepHKaHCKHx eBpeeB h, ito o^eHb xa-
paKTepHO, jihhib 42% mufflepoB espe&CKHx op^aHH3a^HH corjiacHJinct
c TeM, ito «aMepHKaHCKne eBpeficKHe opraHH3aHHH hmciot npaBO

CB060KHO KpHTHKOBaTB H3paHJIBCKOe npaBHTeJIBCTBO H ero nOJIHTH-

ny», 57% onpomeHHbix OTBeprJin yTBepacweHHe, -qio «aMepHKaHCKHe
eBpea He rojih?hbi ny6asqHo KpHTHKOBaTB H3paHJiBCKyio nojiHTHKys,
3HaHHTeiiBHoe MeHBrnnacTBo (28%) ciHTaeT, ^to npoROJi^aiom:aHca
0KKy^a^HH 3ananHoro Sepera momeT H3MeHHTb 6ypjKya3Ho-seMOKpa-
TEiecKHH xapaitrep H3paHJiBCKoro rocysapcTBa, h rpoMa«Hoe 5ojib-
uihhctbo (70%) ctoht 3a neperoBopBi c OOU npH ycnoBHH ee npn3-
HaHHS H3paHJiH..CM.: Village Voice, 1983, Oct. 2, p. 8—9.

192

«■ Jewish Journal, 1982, July 9; Jerusalem Post, 1982, Aug. 8—
14, p. 10.

44 Newsweek, 1982, Oct. 4, p. 29.

45 Jerusalem Post, 1982, Oct. 10—16, p. 10. EerHH oTBeTHjr Ha
nono6Hyio KpHTHKy b o6bihiioh jjjih Hero Maiiepe: «Ecjra aMepuKaH-
cKne eBpen SysyT k Haia HCJiOHJibHbi, to o6oEAeMCH 6e3 nnx» (News-
week, 1982, Oct. 4, p. 11).

B KOHue 1983 r. B03HiiKJia opraHii3au;HH aMepiiKancKHx eBpeeB,
cnen;Hajii>HO CTaBHman csoefi ijejiMO 6opt6y c «JlHKynoM» h H3pamiB-
ckhmh npaBBiMH,— «KoMHxeT o6ecnoKoeHHBix aMepHKaHCKMx eBpe-
eB» bo rjiase c KpynHenniiiM aiiepHKaHCKHM couhojiotom C. Jlance-
tom. Cm. Jerusalem Post, 1984, Jan. 8—14.

7 3ana3 iNS 885

OrJIABJIEHHE

IIpcflacnoBne o

T.-iasa ncpsaji

Pejiunui b nojiiiTHHecKoii 6opi>6e b CIIIA b ?0-e —
na i jajie 80-x roaou 6

Faasa BTopas

KaxojinuecKaH tiepitOBt b coupCMcimou oymecTBemio-
no.iUTEMecKoa ;ku3hh CIIIA 90

F.iasa TpcTBH

Hyflaii3M b noJiiiTH'iecKoii ji;h:jhh CIIIA b 70-c — na T ia.ie

80-x ro^OB 167

TjiaBa yeTBepTan

ComianbHo-noaiiTiPiecKiie hciicktm boctoihmx peaii-
rno3Hbix ^BUHCCimii b CIIIA (im;(yn3M h 6yflnn3M) . . 194

3aicjiio i ieime 223

PEJinrHfl B IlOJIHTIIHCCKOll >Kil3JUI CIIIA

(70-c — Ha'ia.io 80-x ro^on)

J'TficpjKfteno k ne^iaTH

HwcTiiTyroM CIIIA h KatiaatT AH CCCP

I-'eaaKTOpu A. I'.. Ahtohob, A. A. Bnpumni.

XyflomHiiK JI- A. rpuropflH. Xyfto>i;ei;TBenubiii ppflaKTop C. A. JlHTBan

TeiHuqecKHfi peaastTop A. M. CaTapoua

KoppeKTopu E. II. EejioycoBa, JI, U. Kiipirjinoaa

II B JMt 29764

Caatio b na6op 23.ii.S4. nomincaHo k ije^a™ 26.06.85. T-02787.

OopnaT 84X10S 1 /,,. Bymara KKKWHO-ntypHajibiian. IlMnopTimn.

TapHiiTvpa oOKKHODCHBaH. IletjaTb BHCOKasi. yc;i. not. ji. 11,76. yen. Kp. qtt.

il, ! J7. y<j.-H3tt. ji. 13,6. Tnpa/K 4000 ait3. Tim. aai;. 885. U,cna 1 p. 40 k.

OpncHa TpygoBoro Kpacnoro 3naMCHii

M3AaTejibCTBO «HayKa», 117864 rciI-7, MocKea, B-4S5, IIpo(pcoio*Haji yji., 90

2-ft Tnnorpa({iHH H3RaTeJiBCTsa «Hay«a»
121099, MocKBa, T-99, HlyGHHCKiifi nep. 6